1. By the end of the session, learners should be able to accurately diagnose and understand the various etiologies of key urological conditions such as urinary retention, testicular torsion, pyelonephritis, urinary tract infections, and nephrolithiasis. 2. Participants will learn how to conduct a comprehensive and focused clinical assessment of patients presenting with urological complaints, including history taking and physical examination techniques pertinent to urology. 3. Learners will gain knowledge of the various treatment and management options for the different urological conditions addressed in the session, guided by the latest clinical guidelines and based on the level of care appropriate to a Foundation Year doctor. 4. Attendees should be able to identify the signs that might indicate the need for referral to a specialist or escalated level of care, considering the scope of responsibility and clinical acumen of a Foundation Year doctor. 5. The session aims to build learners' understanding and proficiency in effective communication, enabling clear and compassionate communication with patients about their urological condition, the related investigations, and the possible management strategies.