1. To understand and interpret the anatomy and physiology of the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract. 2. To identify common diseases and conditions associated with the lower GI such as colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, diverticular disease and haemorrhoids. 3. To gain proficiency in diagnosing lower GI disorders based on clinical history, physical examination findings, and necessary diagnostic tests. 4. To evaluate and apply appropriate therapeutic management strategies for different lower GI disorders. 5. To develop skills in discussing disease prevention and lifestyle modifications for maintaining lower GI health.