1. By the end of this session, participants should be able to thoroughly understand and explain the pathophysiology behind acute-on-chronic breathlessness in conditions such as Aortic Valve Disease, Cardiac Failure, Infective Endocarditis, Malabsorption, Mitral Valve Disease, and Right Heart Valve Disease. 2. Participants will be equipped to accurately identify and differentiate between various diseases causing acute-on-chronic breathlessness based on patient history, symptoms, and clinical findings. 3. Participants should be able to formulate an appropriate and targeted management plan for patients presenting with acute-on-chronic breathlessness. 4. Learners will rehearse and develop their clinical decision-making abilities and problem-solving skills through examination of various TCD cases presented in the session. 5. The session aims to increase participants' confidence in dealing with acute-on-chronic breathlessness cases in a clinical setting and prepare them for related exam questions.