1. To understand the basic anatomy and physiology of the renal system, including the structure and function of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. 2. To identify the common diseases and disorders affecting the renal system such as kidney stones, urinary tract infections (UTIs), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and renal failure. 3. To learn the principles and procedures involved in diagnosing and treating various renal disorders using modern tools and techniques such as kidney biopsy, renal ultrasound, and dialysis. 4. To examine the role of the renal system in maintaining body homeostasis and understand the consequences of renal dysfunction on other body systems. 5. To apply their knowledge through case studies and clinical scenarios involving renal disorders, developing their problem-solving abilities and decision-making skills in a clinical setup.