To distinguish between Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) by understanding the key differences in causes, symptoms, management and outcomes of both conditions.

To understand the underlying pathophysiology, potential causes and risk factors associated with AKI and CKD, as well as the common diseases and conditions that can lead to these kidney diseases.

To effectively diagnose AKI and CKD using appropriate laboratory and clinical tests, including the role of biomarkers, imaging studies, and the different staging systems used in clinical practice.

To appreciate the management approaches for patients with AKI and CKD, including the importance of preventative strategies, options for pharmacological therapy, the role of dialysis and kidney transplantation, and the management of complications.

To recognise and manage Hyperkalaemia in the context of AKI and CKD, understanding the symptoms, causes, risk factors, diagnostic tests, and the different treatment strategies, including dietary adjustments and medications.