1. To understand the basic principles of applied physiology in relation to surgical practices and to understand their clinical relevance. 2. Ascertain a deeper understanding of various bodily system functions such as cardiovascular, respiratory, and nervous system, and their responses to surgical stress. 3. Develop competence in interpreting physiological data from a range of sources, such as laboratory results, monitoring equipment, and patient symptoms. 4. To understand the pathophysiological changes that occur post-operatively and identify strategies to prevent or manage these. 5. Apply the learned concepts of physiology to clinical case scenarios and demonstrate decision-making skills in management of these cases.