By the end of the session, participants should be able to comprehend and discuss the implications of the findings from the prospective study of the role of bladder scanning and post-void residual volume measurement in improving diagnostic accuracy of Cauda Equina Syndrome (CES).

Learners should be able to critically analyze the methodologies and outcomes of the presented studies, identifying any potential bias, limitations, or areas for future research.

Participants should be able to compare and contrast the implications for early versus delayed surgical decompression in the treatment of acute traumatic spinal cord injuries.

Participants should be able to apply the knowledge gained from the discussion of the papers to their own clinical practice, enhancing their diagnostic and treatment strategies in the realm of spine orthopaedic surgery.

By the end of the session, learners should be familiar with the current research trends and findings in the field of spine surgery, as well as be prepared to engage in collaborative discussions with international colleagues on these topics.