1. To understand and explain the basic principles of refraction and optics as they relate to the human eye, including the concepts of focal points, lenses, and image formation. 2. To apply knowledge of optics and refraction to real-world situations in ophthalmology, such as understanding refractive errors and their correction. 3. To analyze and discuss the different types of refractive errors (myopia, hypermetropia, astigmatism) and understand their causes, symptoms, and treatment options. 4. To understand and describe the various diagnostic techniques and corrective methods used in ophthalmology to address refractive errors, including glasses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery. 5. To evaluate and interpret case studies involving refraction and optics, including understanding various factors that can affect vision and how to take these into account when diagnosing and treating patients.