By the end of the session, learners will be able to confidently identify and analyse various types of valvular diseases, understanding their causes, symptoms, and medical treatments.

Participants will gain the knowledge to recognise and interpret abnormal heart sounds, differentiating them from normal heart sounds and understanding their clinical significance in detecting heart diseases.

Learners will develop a comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology of valvular diseases and how these diseases can lead to other heart conditions, preparing them to answer related exam questions and problem-based scenarios.

Participants will achieve competency in the application of their knowledge of valvular diseases in a clinical scenario, improving their diagnostic and treatment decision-making skills.

The teaching session will also promote an in-depth understanding of the long-term management and prognosis of patients with valvular diseases, aiming at preparing participants to provide patient-centered care.