1. To understand the basic anatomy and physiological functions of the renal system and recognize the importance of its role in the human body. 2. To identify and explain the different causes, symptoms, and treatment options for common renal diseases, including kidney stones, renal failure, and nephrotic syndrome. 3. To interpret and analyze laboratory results related to renal function tests and urine analysis, making relevant clinical judgments on patient diagnosis and management. 4. To learn and practise the skills needed for effective patient counseling and communication regarding renal diseases, including discussing lifestyle modifications and treatment plans. 5. To develop a comprehensive approach to the examination of patients with renal disorders, including history taking, physical examination, and arranging the appropriate investigations following the clinical guidelines.