1. To develop a comprehensive understanding of the anatomical structure of the kidney, including its location, structures, and surrounding organs. 2. To gain knowledge about the internal structure of the kidney, emphasizing on the renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis, and the different nephron components. 3. To understand the main functions of the kidney, including filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and regulation of blood pressure and pH. 4. To grasp the vascular supply to the kidneys and the path that blood takes through the renal arteries, arterioles, glomerulus, efferent arterioles, peritubular capillaries and renal veins. 5. To interpret various pathological scenarios that may affect renal function and an awareness of how abnormalities in anatomy can impact clinical presentations.