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Yes, we can. OK. So um this today, I'll be starting with writing compelling titles and abstracts. And this is a, a presentation I gave at the NSA um program before sometime last year. But I've gone through um the slides over the past week and added some things and some questions and it's uh I hope to add some more insights into essentially the same thing I did last year. I hope I'm very audible. If you have questions as we are proceeding, please feel free to just drop them in the chat box. So uh let me know. So today we have two topics. I hope we'll be able to finish them um in about an hour, 30 minutes or so, we'll start with writing comparing titles and abstract. And then we'll also very briefly discuss how to create a scientific profile. So, um all right, so the objectives are for us to have a very good idea on how to draft our title and abstract, aimed at our target audience and also the structural elements of a good abstract and learn how to create scientific profiles to boost your professional obesity. So this is essentially the life cycle of a manuscript. So, you know, when you're done with your research, you write a manuscript and the manuscript is essentially what goes out to the scientific community. So I have here, um I think I should have a points are all right. So I have here, the first step is you have an idea, right? And ideas don't just come to you. Ideas come to you from your reading. So you can see the the slight icon of a guy reading something. So usually reces ideas will come to you from your reading or something you hear or your problem you encounter during your practice hospitals. Or sometimes my very personal provide example is when you're reading large textbooks like Robbin and Ran and you see something like the exact me or Guiton on hold and you see something like the exact mechanism of this has not been fully elucidated. And um you know, that gives you an idea and that may be something you would like to work on. And so you have an idea, then you take the idea into practice. Yeah, it could be um let's say basic science idea where you have to go to the lab or it could be a clinical idea where you have to recruit patients for the study or even write a case reports or, you know, um observe a natural phenomena or, you know, share out or questionnaires or something like that. Or it could even be, you know a systematic review idea where you have to start gathering a lot of data um to write up your systematic review and doing a meta-analysis and cool. But essentially after you have your idea, then you have results. So here you essentially you have results from your research. It could be a laboratory based research. Like I've said it could be a case report, it could be um a narrative review, but you have results. And then the next step is you need to present that result to the scientific community. And how do you do that? You have to write a manuscript and you have to write a manuscript that goes to an editor and the manuscript goes to an editor, the peer reviewers, who the the editor sends your article to the scientific community. Those are peer reviewers, the per reviewers look at the article and say um this doesn't look so good. We need to, we need to change this. We need to change it and send it back to you. And sometimes if you're lucky enough after a little bit of big of battle, um a little bit of back and forth your article gets accepted if you're not very lucky or if the paper is not very good enough, your article may get rejected and you have to start the process of writing over again. So that's like the life cycle of a manuscript. So now when you're writing your manuscript, what do you want to have in mind, you must write with the reader in mind. A lot of us start writing manuscripts with the aim of just impressing the scientific community or getting our name out there. But really the essence of research is to advance the knowledge of mankind and make life better for people in one way or the other. So you should write with the reader in mind. So when you're writing a manuscript, it's very important to have an idea of who your target audience is. Are you writing for, for example, the broader scientific community such that somebody in chemistry can pick up your paper and understand what you're saying? Or are you writing for just the me the broader medical community such that a person in mental health or dermatology can pick up your paper and understand what you're saying? Or are you writing for a AAA niche in your community? Writing for just spine orthopedic surgeons or just surgical oncologists. So in that case, your paper may, may, may use some terminology or jaw bone that is specific to that niche. So you have to have an idea who am I writing for? And that should direct how you want to phrase your words, the terms you want to use, et cetera. Um Another thing you want to have in mind is you expecting the expectation and in the context of the field. So what are the expectations of people for such an article? So you want to also put that in mind also, why should readers read your work? How is your work any different from other ones that have been published? What are you trying to tell us? Why is your work worth worth reading, et cetera? Oh, More very importantly as you're writing with your reader in mind, you want to find out what assumptions are you making of your reader? Are you ma are you making an assumption that your reader has a working knowledge of, um let's say chemical pathology or are you making an assumption that your reader just has a basic scientific knowledge? Are you making an assumption that your reader is a first year medical student or are you making the assumption that a reader are specialist in a very closed niche like hand surgery? For example, this is very important and will ultimately guide how you phrase your article. Um importantly, are you logically connecting the dots if you read your article or if somebody reads your article, is there a logical flow of ideas in your abstract? That's also very important. And are you making the best use of the readers attention? Are you able to grasp the reader's attention in tables and chats and with your abstract and your title? So, um like I've said, it's important to know your target audience because some, some journals and also that would influence your target journal as well. Your target audience should influence your target journal, let's say, for example, in a, a journal like science or the lancet, they are very high prestigious journals with high impact factors. And these journals are essentially anybody could read your paper because um these journals publish articles from chemistry, physics, biology, to me, medical science, et cetera. So if you're publishing in these journals, they, they would emphasize that you, you, you not use um a lot of jargon, you write in such a way that anybody that reads your paper can understand what you're saying and not necessarily people in your field. However, if you're writing in the New England Journal of Medicine, that's a general internal medicine journal. And you may be permitted to use some data on that people um in any field of internal medicine, whether ep cardiology or nephrology can easily understand there are more specific journals, for example, chest or nature reviews cancer. In that case, you may, when you open such a journal, you may see um articles listing some genes like um a take Talen ectasia mutated or something like that, that may not be easily um understood by somebody reading science, uh a physicist, for example. Um So it just depends on, on your, your target audience, you don't make influence the journal you're publishing in. But these days, we know that if your, if your, if your journal which is a larger target audience, you get more citations and the impact of your work becomes more visible Um I've also mentioned the level of specific knowledge you expect from your reader should also influence how you write your article. Are you expecting your reader to be a specialist or fresh year medical student, et cetera? So when you're writing your abstract or your article, the length restrictions are very important. Some journals will specify that they not want you to submit more than 400 words or your abstract. Some will say not more than 200 words, 250 words. So this should also influence what you're writing because I mean, if you have 250 words to convey your point in your abstract, then you're going to make the, you have to make the best of those 250 words. And it can really be brutal. I was writing an abstract, I think it was last month or two months ago and I kept on revising and revising and revising because I, I have to meet the word limit and the word limits was quite limited was it was just about 300 words and the the abstract must reflect the key elements of the paper. It should include the results, a brief discussion and overview of the literature. So um how do you get started on the paper? I just want to go through this very quickly because we are, we are getting down to the meat of the matter which is the abstract. So there are several ways the way I like to approach writing the paper is, first of all, you've done your research, you have the bullet points of your results. If you're writing a review paper, you have the bullet points of the most essential points you're writing, then you assemble all your results in figures and figure titles or tables, then you write your abstract or what I prefer you, I write an abstract to define the entire message and your results should be that be a narrative of your figures. Your introduction should be written in context of your results. And then you write the discussion also to discuss your results in context of the literature. I think somebody has gone through this in an earlier series. Now, the title I want to quickly talk about the title of your paper. The um the title is very important because the title is perhaps the only part of your paper that some people will read. Let's for um say, for example, um find out yesterday is doing that project or just somebody do an independent researcher, you go to PUBMED, for example and on PUBMED, you're looking for a paper, you're, you're looking for articles um to write up on, on, on your paper. So the first thing you do is you go to pop and you search for um let's say um metastatic breast cancer. And it brings up a bunch of titles. Essentially, you the first step in screening articles is to look at the title. So if you don't phrase your title in such a way that it conveys the message you're trying to pass or in such a way that it, it captures the audience, then your people is not likely going to get selected and to be honest research that is published and it is not read, it is not cited or is not utilized. It's very, it's very, very must be an entire waste of your time because all you've done is write something that you've used to pump up your CV. But it's not doing anybody any good. So your title is very important because it's the only part of your paper that somebody is going to see in a Google search or uh in a in a Google search or in a scope of search or in search your title. There therefore, should be very specific for what the message you're trying to pass to be concise play and very accurate it. So um yeah, I have here several titles. For example. Now, the first title is, is Rather General. It says a bacteria mass affects respiratory function. If you read this title, it doesn't tell you much. What bacteria are we talking about. What aspect of respiratory function is it tidal volume or just um false respiratory volume? What ex exactly is the author trying to tell us it's not very specific. This uh this is an that's a title that very much gets ignored by somebody that, that doesn't have much time when they are trying to write up the paper. Now, the second one goes ahead and says a bacterium impairs respiratory function. They've changed um the verb there, they are not saying effects which could be very well. Um um ambiguous effects could mean it improves respiratory function or it impairs respiratory function. But now the 2nd 16 is a step better. A bacterium impairs respiratory function. So it tells us that something bad is happening to respiratory function. But it doesn't give us much information because nobody is going to go into Pate or Google scholar and just type what bacteria impairs respiratory function except for somebody that is just learning about bacteria. The third one takes it better. It says Myco Bactrim tuberculosis impairs respiratory function, which is much better. But then my my personal favorite um is the 4th and 5th 1 which is giving us the the largest amount of information. It tells us that Myco Bactrim causes tuberculosis or the tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium mycoba um mycobacterial tuberculosis. So the fifth one is telling us exactly what bacteria and what exactly it is doing and the disease it's causing. Now, the sixth one takes, it takes it open, not telling us the particular bacteria, the disease is causing and the fact that this organism is a bacterium. So that's why it's very, it's much better than the fi one they was telling us the nature of the organism. So essentially, this is just trying to tell us that the title should capture as much information as possible while being very concise. If you're telling us about the gene that causes metastatic breast cancer, want to hear what gene is it and what um metastatic breast can cancer? Um Are you uh what um type of breast cancer are you talking about? Et cetera? So, um I have here um a three titles and uh I think we can just write in the pool. I would love, love to stop for us to look at the, the responses. But I wanted us to look at this and write what um title we we prefer. But I guess I, I would have the slides sent to us but this er these three titles um I have here three different types all talking about the same thing. Now, the first one says Grand Chain Fatty acids promote listeria monocytogenes, intracellular infection and virulent. And the second one says Listeria pathogenesis requires a branch chain keto aid dehydrogenase complex. And the last one says branch chain fatty acid catabolism is, is essential for regulation of listeria virulent. Now, essentially all three types are acceptable, but now how you choose to phrase your title depends on your target organ. Now, if you're publishing in the journal like um immunity or infection, which are actually journals um or a journal that, that, you know, that is more specifically targeted towards talking about infection and immunity. Then the first, the first article might be more appropriate because you've tried to capture the audience there and you, you, you, you, you, you phrase your article in such a way that it's, it emphasizes what that journal is talking about. Now, if you're talking about, about, if you're publishing a journal that is more, is more about chemistry or enzymes, then the second one might be more appropriate. And then the, you know, the third one may be more appropriate for just like a general um let's say microbiology or, or enzymology journal, for example. So your target audience also influences your title I have here. Another set of um types all, all trying to convey the same points. And we can see that as you go down from number 1 to 5, the fifth title is the one that gives us the most amount of information, telling us exactly the type of cervical cancer and what exact virus causes this type of cervical cancer. The third one doesn't give us much information. So somebody trying to um search for another type of cervical cancer like adenocarcinoma, for example, um may, may, may open this article, find out the squamous cell carcinoma and be rather disappointed or may open this article and find out the squamous cell ca um carcinoma and then, you know, probably learn one or two things from you. So you want to provide the most amount of information in your title. Um Now that I've already mentioned that you want to convey all the message, your title as much as possible. You want to target um your audience in your title by you want to sorry, keep your target audience in mind by phrasing your title. Another thing you want to do is you want to provide a hook, sort of like a catch a catchy title for a reader that opens that, that's just searching um casually through Google Scholar or pub you want to provide sort of a hook to hook that read out your title. And there are different types. Yeah. The first one, although rather long is telling a story is a story focus title. And the second one, which is the one I actually like. The most uses something called the Pon tit for tat type four secretion system, counteract counterattack doing bacterial cell cell interactions. That one focuses on the concept, talk about type four secretion systems. And then it's, it's catchy because someone sees the tit for tat and is interested in, in knowing what you're talking about. And the third one is also concept focus talking about the photo, the Nano Blade and Bohol intracellular life cycle. However, that is a title that would probably be more appropriate for a more specialized audience and will not necessarily catch the attention of the casual reader. So again, just to reiterate what what I've been saying, your title should define your ful message, your title should necessarily capture this idea and I will show us what I mean very briefly. Um your title should uh now 11 mistake we make is that we write the title and then we just stick to it. But a better approach when you're working on a title for your article and usually your title will be one of the first things you decide or perhaps fast. It doesn't really matter when you decide to come up with your title. And as, as if as time goes on, as you get more results or as you progress your research, you may have to rephrase your title. Um You know, maybe you're not getting the results you want to get or you're getting the opposite results or you're, you know, taking out some parts of your objectives, you may want to rephrase your title. So your title is something that evolves as you write your paper as you progress with your research. If you're working with a group of people and you guys have an idea of what you're talking about, it's better for each person to submit about one or two titles, then the group can decide on what title to use. Um You can even find yourself taking out particular phrases from one person's title to another person's title to make it more, more engaging and more likely. But very importantly, you should seek the, the opinion of people when writing your title. It's not verbs are very important. If you're talking about um an enzyme that suppresses, please use, suppress, don't say effect. Tell them, tell your audience exactly what the enzyme is doing in the, in the title and be very concise. Um Now these are some interesting studies. Now that, that study in that 2012 study by Power, it all actually showed that articles with shorter titles are viewed and cited more frequently. The person that has, if you've ever done a systematic review, you're going through thousands of articles and you know, you may not have time or the patience to read through very lengthy worded articles. And that's why some, some journals actually specify what counts for the article and even um university department may specify what counts for your thesis. Um Al also importantly, you want to decide you want to phrase your title as a sentence or a question. Um In my experience, uh titles are phrased as questions, original research are not often phrased as questions, usually find review articles trying to answer questions. Those are the ones you find more often being phrased as questions and so on. So, uh I want to quickly show us a title I worked on very recently. Um Yes, this is the article. Let me just explain this a bit. So the title of this paper is expanding the Technical Armamentarium to treat complex esophageal perforations with end the Luminal vacuum therapy. Actually, when uh I wrote this abstract. Initially, the, the, the title I came up with was just a new technique to treat esophageal perforations, a new technique to treat complex esophageal perforations. And my, my, my mentor help me understand that that was rather ambiguous because I'm just talking about a new technique and I'm not telling them exactly what that technique is doing. I'm not saying anything about and it is it really a new technique or is it an expansion of an existing technique? And really, I was expanding something that was already existing, you know, using it in a new way to treat um a AAA new uh to treat a type of perforation in a way that it has never been used before. So it's important to convey your, your message and, and, and I can tell you that this particular type evolved a about three or four times before we finally settled on this one. So I'll just go back to my slide now. All right. So um these are some questions I've gotten over the um presenting this um Palo topic in the past. So um be used in the title. Is it better to write Complete Words? So this, this depends if you're writing to a larger scientific community or to a journal that anyone can read. Let's see. Um if I a journal, for example, we focus on everything in the clinical sciences and sometimes even in the basic medical sciences. So in that case, because somebody from biochemistry may be reading um A G an obstetrics and gynecology paper. It's, it's more experience for you to just write out everything in food, not use acronyms. However, if you're writing to a very specialized journal like immunity or Enzymology, then you may be maybe you may, you may be allowed to use um acronyms. So if you're writing to a genetics or a cancer journal, you may be allowed to use specific cancer genes in your title as acronyms. So it sort of depends on the journal you're submitting to and your target audience. Yeah. Uh Pon type two is acceptable. So porn is kind of like what I said and for ta or let's say uh an interesting catchy title like um or um to kill or not to kill when you're talking about an a an antibiotic that may be bactericidal or bacteria static. Are you to phrases to kill or not to kill? So those kind of titles um as much as they are very catchy, you do not want to overdo them, you do not want all your papers to come out like that. And you know, in my I I in my experience, they're usually more acceptable for review papers rather than original research. And so um yes. So when there is that the last one says, how do you address um a title composition when there's a limited number of characters rather than number of words essentially in this kind of situation, you would have to your type, your at your type, I rather have to evolve over time. We need to rephrase and paraphrase and limit the words or move words around here and there. And you know, I think in the advent of artificial intelligence, there are more brilliant ways to use artificial intelligence software. Actually, it seem as if ma general pro is working on a very interesting paper on how to use um artificial intelligence judiciously in writing. So, you know, once it's, it's, it's obviously um academically unacceptable to, to, to ask, for example, chat pt to write something for you and you put in zero effort, that's completely unacceptable. And it's viewed as academic dis and you know, it's not very good for your integrity. What you're having problem rephrasing your title that is 23 words longer. You want to limit 13 words, a brillance. We, we actually just right. Um And you know, when you're using artificial intelligence software is the, the, the principle of computing that we all learned in secondary school is gi da and garbage out. It's what we tell you to do that is going to spit out for you. So you could just ask it um your task in high in. Um I am going to send you a title right now. I want you to rephrase it for me and limit it to 13 words and then send the command, then Tahiti responds and tells you it understands this command, then you send the title and it will help you rephrase it. That's how artificial intelligence can be used in a very smart way to make your work easier for you. Um Yes. So now let's go to the abstract. Now, the obstruct essentially um contain summary of your work. The way I like to think about abstract is for those that are clinical students. Yeah, when you present a patient in rounds or um in clinical on exams, and then the examiner is, what is your summary in your summary? Once I can find the key point in the future history of these patients. For example, if you're presenting congestive cardiac failure, your summary should not include that the patient presented with only cough and breathlessness. Then that is obviously left-sided cardiac failure. You've not really defended that the patient has congestive cardiac failure because there is nothing showing that the the the right side of the heart has also failed. So in that summary, you want to say, oh, the patient presented um on account of um breathlessness, cough and leg swelling, then the the examiner knows, OK. This is definitely congestive cardiac failure. It's the same thing. The abstract is a summary of your research research. It's a summary of your manuscript. In that case, you want, you definitely want to talk about every single thing. Uh You, you do not want to to include a result and say you found something that is not your abstract or you not want to be play smart on the audience and include that you, you found something that is not there. It should. As a matter of fact, when somebody reads your abstracts, you have an idea of what, what exactly the hope to expect in that article. And so some some reviewers, when you send your jo your article for publishing will actually, first of all, go through your abstract, write out the key points to your abstracts and then go straight to your results and your discussion to make sure that you actually did identify all those key points within the article. Your obstruct must emphasize the key results on their significance, including if you're writing a review article, your abstract will also identify the key learning points in that review article. It should be clear and very accurate. Please do not um over, over um overestimate or rather overblow out of proportion the results you got in your, in your abstract. And like I've said the abstract title, actually, you part of some of the paper that some people will read. If I'm looking to write on something, I would go to the title. Next thing I go to is the abstract and do a quick of it. So if the abstract is not telling me what I need to know, then I'm likely going to ignore that article. So what is in your abstract? You don't have to contain five key elements the first is the background. What exactly um is and the background is essentially just a sentence. If you're writing about a new drug treat used in treating diabetes mellitus, the background can just be something about um you know, the evolution of drugs in the treatment of diabetes melis, just a sentence of two is OK, you're not reviewing the literature. The option to include the hypothesis or question being addressed. You can say something like in this, in this um paper or in this study, we sought to find out um et cetera, et cetera, et cetera. Then it should include your methods. Um Usually people are not asking you to include your entire methodology, just one or two sentence if you did. Um If you did a structure questionnaire just include that via a structured questionnaire, the following were obtained and so on. And then your results are actually very important. You want to conclude with this sentence and very important. You want to tell people the significance of your work in that article, including if you're writing a review paper. And I'm emphasizing this because lots of people have kind of like bastardized review papers and think it's just something about writing something on the topic. But you want to tell them if your review paper is not telling people something new and I'm not saying you should invent something, but you should at least help people to shed light or bring together information that was previously um kind of like disjointed but essentially the significance of that review. Why is it timely, why is your research timely? What have you helped people understand? And again, I'll go back to this particular article. I have a number of interesting ones, but like since this one is open this particular article and here conclusion, so it says this should be considered when an the Luminal assess the leak cavity is prevented due to the small size of the defect, Obviating the need for other more invasive interventions such as surgery. So I've end up telling them significance of my work, how it's going to um you know, help in treating complex preparations when that is the only when, when and such um preparations cannot be assessed via surgery. So I'm moving on. Um I think our time is fast. So yes, um very quickly, I've already mentioned some of this. It's important to also write and use the right words and pros if you're not very good in English or it's not your first language by all means, send it to somebody who is an expert so that we can go through it. And this your abstract is something that you should know, just write on. So it expect to be write on, write and write again until it's perfect because like I've said, that's the only part of your article that some people read. As a matter of fact, if you're submitting your research for a meeting or a conference, they're not going to ask you to submit the entire, but you would usually see them calling for only your abstract. So essentially your research is going to be just solely on that abstract. That's the importance of an abstract. So here I have um an obstruct and I also want to show the key elements. So this is an obstruct about the paper um and regarding spaces. So the, the first sentence, the or first two sentences is a quick background about what we know about ca Spaces. And you can see the car spaces are either apoptotic or inflammatory. The author goes on to talk about cars spaces. Um One and 11 which are the ones they are dealing with in this paper and exactly what they do. Then the auto goes on the loom to talk about the major finding up in the paper. So in this case, you can see that it, it doesn't necessarily have to be um in background hypothesis and methodology and cool. Yeah, the author brought up the major finding um as a result forward, which can actually be done, it just depends on how creative you want to be with it and then the results were eventually given. So in this paper, there's a major finding, there's a key finding where they found that caspase 11 is required for innate immunity to cyto cyto so or nola bacteria. And then here he listed all the other findings in the results, all the other parts of the results and finally a conclusion or statement of significance. Um If you're writing a review paper, such a conclusion or statement of significance look like something like. Um I think I have one review paper here open. Um Let me quickly go through it. Yeah. So this is a review paper that I work with some colleagues, a AAA professor and a colleague, it and an F MA journal paper on management of cirrosis. So here we talk about what we are doing. Yeah. Um Just a quick introduction center there. Natural History of liver cirrhosis begins with an asymptomatic phase of compensation. Talked about what we did. And then here we talk about what we are doing exactly in this review. This review discusses the stages of liver cirrhosis and details of intervention and improved therapeutic options for the complications of the decompensated piece. And then we, so essentially we are ending this abstract review paper telling them exactly what we did in the review and also that we recognize the gap in the prevention of these complications. So um you can see that you, you end with the keyword, you tell them exactly what you did in your work and um how you work is important. So one key question people often ask is whether to use past or present tense while writing um a an abstract. So um the consensus and the guideline I'm familiar with is to use present, tend to signify when you're talking about general knowledge in this abstract that we used as an example, for example, um in the first sentence, it's general knowledge, sorry. The second sentence rather which is among the inflammatory car space space one and 11 trigger pyrosis. It's general knowledge. This is in the textbook, it's in the literature. However, when you're telling people exactly what you've done or information that you discovered while writing the paper, then you use past things. So if were one who discovered a cas space one and 11 triggered um piru cytosis, we're actually going to say among the inflammatory CPAs CPA one and 11 triggered ATOS. So people know when they read the pastors that they actually um reading what we did and not what is common knowledge. And you can see this reflecting in the paper in blue you have in pastor stating what exactly the auto discovered. And whenever you have present tense, it's saying what exactly was already known in literature. And uh if you have this in mind, when you know already that whenever you see present tense, it's telling you common knowledge that everybody knows or that it's present in the textbooks or literature. And when you see past tense, the abstract of the paper is telling you what the auto discovered. Then even you, when you're reading your own papers, you have an idea of how to approach what you're reading. So in this abstract And again, we do not have much time, but I would like us to quickly and go through this one. Actually, um something is missing in these abstracts. Remember that an abstract, you have certain points, you should have a background, a hypothesis or question being addressed. What exactly are you looking for? What exactly did we set out to find? You should have methods and results, conclusions and significance. So if you read through this abstract, something is missing, one of those things are missing. And um I want just to quickly read through it and put in the comments, the one we think is missing. So I'm going to give us just two minutes to go through that. So is it missing the background statement? Is it missing the research question? Is it missing the re um the methodology or the result or the statements of si of significance? OK. Also says here that he's missing the methodology. OK. So let's move on essentially if you read this or if you've read this and OK, there's another response, somebody is saying he's missing two things and I think um OK, so yes, every and these two people who have given their opinion are actually quite right. So this is missing a number of things actually. Um it's missing. Very importantly, the research question, the research question in this vascular obstruct is missing. There is no research question. Also the methodology is missing. So um if you read it you don't know exactly what the authors were talking about just mean, went straight from the opening statement to the results and it's kind of disjointed. So it's actually missing the um research question and somebody actually picked out that missing the methodology which I did not even identify. It's a very good job Samson. And thank you, Elisha. It's missing the research question on the methodology. That's very brilliant. OK. Um Yes. So there are what I've showed us right now is an, is an unstructured abstract. In which case, it's just a paragraph of a number of things. There are other types of abstract, there is the structured abstract that goes up to tell you um like the one I showed us here. Um That's this one on the word documents, it's an abstract. This abort was actually there for a conference. So a structured abstract, some um journals or conferences will ask you to structure your abstract, tell them exactly the background, the methods, the results and the conclusion. So in that case, you'll be forced to actually not miss out anything that's a structured abstract. You also have an unstructured abstract kind of like the one we just looked at in our examples in the slide and then the other types of abstracts, the abstracts for review articles, sort of like what I showed us. And there are also abstract for case reports and I have one open here again, this is another one that some colleagues and I worked on and it's a case report of the rare skin disease. So in this one, you can see here we have the opening statement. So here um it's uh in the case reports, you can see that there's an opening statement talking about just you know, a general overview of the disease. And then the second statement here telling us like a methodology, how it's confirmed or um how the disease is often confirmed. And yeah, there is a problem statement coming afterwards saying that um the disease is the diagnosis is really made in this environment. And finally, we tell people what we did. So my point is that the abstract can actually vary depending on whether it is the case reports, um a review article and, and or an original research. And if you are asking right now, how do I know how to write my abstract for each and every one of these things? Usually, in my opinion, the best way to know how to write is to read, the more you read other abstracts, the better you are at writing your own. So if you want to write a case report, go rid of abstract on case reports and you have a general idea on how to do it, then with all your learn here today, you should be able to come up with something quite brilliant. All right. So um OK, some quick questions here. Um The first one is do you have any tips to writing effective abstracts prior to an entire paper being written. Now, although, you know, when you're learning about rec research for the first time, they tell you, oh, the abstract is the last thing you write when you're done with your paper, et cetera. But in some cases, you may be writing your paper or you may be in the middle of your project. Let's see, writing your final, your project and then you see an interesting conference going on later in a couple of months. You know that by then you'll be done with your, with your project. So, but you're not done with it or you're not done writing your thesis unless as you're not done writing the manuscript or you have to submit an abstract, you can definitely go forward and write your obstruct in such a situation. The first thing you want to do is write out your results. Then when you have your results, you can write an opening statement, you can write your problem statement or your hypotheses, then quickly talk about the results very briefly and then write a simple concluding statement and you should be fine. So it's better if you have results. I mean, some journals will probably take your abstract even if you don't have results and just say we start to find out this, this, this and this and so on. It just depends on, on um you know, the pe of the meeting you submitting and so on. Um Now this second question says when you've done a study that has a lot of data, how can you present all of it in a snap shop without being under or overwhelming? So in this kind of situation, you may have tons of data and you can get pretty, pretty creative with this. The first thing you may want to do is you may choose to not publish all of that data in one paper. You can uh for example, in your thesis, um especially you're writing a high level, this is like a master's or the doctoral thesis, you may publish three papers from your work or even you on a graduate project may publish two papers. So if you see you have a lot of data, find a way to split it into two different papers and you should be fine or present only the one, the data that you feel is the most um the most impactful in your abstract. And then you know, list other things in the main body of the paper. Now, the last question is how much background information is enough for too much for an abstract? And you remember that the background information is just the first one or two sentences. So the amount that is enough for so much for an abstract really depends on the um two things. Number one, your audience, how much background information do you think you should give an audience? In the context of your work. And it depends on the, on the, on the knowledge of your audience. And number two, the the word restriction on your, on your abstract. If you have only 350 words, you really do not want to give more than a sentence, especially if you have other important things like the results to this person in the abstract. OK. Um Some other frequently asked questions this one says should citations be included in the abstract. The other side is absolutely not your um citation should not be part of an abstract citations are in the main body of the article. Is it important to have a play hypothesis within the abstract? So yeah, it's pretty much a give or take. You may not include your hypothesis but at least try to include your problem statement. Um So people can have an idea of what problem have you solved. Um These are the results we've used to solve the problem and these are the significance of the results. Um I think I've answered the last one, the difference between a few people abstract and an experimental abstract. Um Yes. But when is it generally considered jargon? Oh Sorry. What is generally considered Jago to avoid? Again, this depends on your audience. If your audience is not hyper specialized or you want to reach a larger audience by all means avoid jargon. And like I've said, the biggest journals today, Nature Science, they are increasingly looking to decentralized information and they would ask you to use as little Jago as possible such that somebody in sociology can pick up your paper about. Um I, I take that it is it and have an idea of what you're talking about. So that's all about abstract. Um I don't know. Um Tanya, should I take the questions for the first one or should I quickly run through the second one? First? I think we should go ahead and like finish up except do we have any questions right now? If nobody, I do, I can't see any questions in the chart. So I think you can go ahead with the second one and then any questions can be taken together at the end. Well, I think there is a question, I'll just answer this before I go on from Jeremiah. It says when does the problem statements or research questions go in an unstructured abstract? So in an unstructured abstract, you want to put the problem statements or research question immediately after you're done with your background statement, you want to say um in this thought we so to find out or this study aims to identify or this study seeks to highlight or this paper attempts to provide it with a review of. So you want to put um the aim the problems statements or whatever you're trying to do immediately after the background before you talk about your results. So um is there another question there. OK? I think I've answered that one. OK. I'll just go on um the, this is the last one, I'll, I'll, I'll try and, you know, run through this because um our time is fast spent. Um so quickly chat. I think you can go ahead without quickly for one more question in shots. Um OK. This one says if not specify which abstract is best structured or structured, I'm not quite sure what this person means. OK. I think you're asking what abstract is best. So OK, so if there is no guideline in how to phrase your abstract without instructed or instructure formats, um the truth is that most authors or sorry, most journals or most conferences will specify what they want. And if you're not sure and you want to publish it on a particular journal, go online and check the articles that have been published in that journal, you see that there's usually a sequence where is structured or structured. So um if you're publishing, it's best to just check out the requirements of the journal. If it's not clearly listed on the site, then you want to check out um other articles that have been published in that journal or similar articles and see how they um you know, gone about. It's both in my experience when you're submitted to conferences, most conferences would prefer if you provide a structured obstruct. All right. So um very quickly let's run through previous scientific profile, sorry. Mhm.