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Welcome to the third week of the teaching series. Time has flown by so quickly. This week, we'll be focusing on up and trauma and orthopedics and we're very happy to have you all here with us today. Today, I am joined by Aisha Solani who will guide you through the anatomy of the upper limb just to introduce Aisha. She is a third year from the University of Central Lancashire to make the session as engaging as possible. We'll be releasing both throughout these are completely anonymous. So we encourage you to participate actively. If you have any questions during the session, please put them in the chart and we'll adjust them at the end of the session. We'll also share a feedback form at the end. So if you complete this, you will receive a certificate of attendance and exclusive discount codes to teaching surgery and past the MRC S, the session is being recorded. So the recording and the slides will be shared on a metal page as well as a website a couple of hours after the session. So please be sure to keep an eye out for that. As you may know, we have recently launched our very own learning portal which is hosted on our website through this. You will get access to practice questions, session, recordings and revision material as a bonus. Um All members will get a discount code to get 10% off the G medics, anatomy flashcards, surgery, flashcards, and knowledge bundle membership is completely free. So please be sure to head on to our website after the session to explore this. We also have an exciting opportunity for all of our attendees. Two lucky people will win free access to the Kiki medics, surgical flashcards and the Kiki medics ay stations to enter simply complete the go form. We send at the end of the session and enter the unique code. We will provide the more sessions you attend live, the higher your chances of winning. So be sure to stay until the end of the session and attend as many of our other sessions as well. Finally, before we begin, we'd like to thank our partners, Neuro College of Surgeons England, Kiki medics, the MDU more than skin deep metal, teach me surgery and F the MRC S. Without further ado, I'll now hand it over to AO. Thank you so much, Risha. Um Good evening, everybody, as Risha mentioned, my name is Aisha and today I will be going over upper limb anatomy. So without further ado, let's begin. Ok. So these are our objectives for today. As you can see, there's a lot of objectives, but what I've done for today's session is that I've basically divided this entire session into bits, bones, muscles, neurovasculature, and some extra bits like um anatomical spaces. OK. So let's start off with the bones and joints of the upper limb. So, what bones make up the upper limb? Ok. We have our scapula clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, eight carpal bones, five metacarpal bones and 14 phalanges. So you can see all of them in the diagram here. There is your scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges. Ok. So now what we're gonna do is we're going to explore the osteology of each bone individually. So starting off with the scapula, it's basically a large triangular bone that lies over the posterolateral chest wall and it extends from rib two to rib seven and one of the most prominent surface features of the scapula is the spine of scapula and that can be noticed on the um posterior part of it. So when you actually feel your back, you can actually feel the spine of the scapula, that's that very prominent structure over there. So the scapula obviously has an anterior and the posterior surface and the spine lies on the posterior surface, it also has superior uh medial and lateral borders. And since it has these borders, it also has um angles as well. So a fetor angle, inferior angle, lateral angle. Ok. Now, the spine of the scapula, it holds a lot of significance. Why is that because it divides our scapula into fossa, OK? Specifically the supraspinous and infraspinous fossa. Now, another thing about an anatomy that you need to remember is that most of the times everything's literally in the name, so supra above, so supraspinous and then you have infraspinous below. OK. Um And there's other uh structures that's relevant as well like the acromion coracoid process, glenoid process, very important because you um and it's, you know, forms part of the glenoid cavity which forms a glenohumeral joint. And we're gonna go into details all of these. OK. We have our supraglenoid cubicle, infraglenoid cubicle and these structures are also very important for muscle atta uh muscle attachments. So just know that these structures exist and we will discuss the relevance later as well. Another thing to remember in anatomy is um especially for the upper limb. You need to keep your cells oriented. So you need to imagine a person standing upright with the palms facing forwards. And this is specifically important when we talk about the radius and the ulna to know which one's medial and which one's lateral because a lot of people tend to come use that. OK. So we have our clavicle right here in the clavicle. It has a superior and an inferior surface and it has its anterior and posterior margins. Now, um the clavicle also has its curvatures. So it has a medial curvature, it has a lateral curvature. It also has these um trapezoid lines, conoid cubicles, um acal facets. So these are all points of articulation or attachment with muscles like for example, sternum, articular surface, that's where it articulates with sternum. So again, as I mentioned all in the name, OK. So that's how you keep your cells oriented. And the clavicle, one really interesting feature about it is that it is the only point of attachment between the trunk and the upper limb. So as you know, we have an axial skeleton and we have an appendicular skeleton. Your appendicular skeleton is basically your limbs and your axial skeletons, your trunk. So the clavicle is the bone that connects your upper limb to your trunk. So very interesting feature. Ok. Moving on, we have our humerus. It is the longest bone in the upper limb and it basically makes up the entirety of your arm. So the only arm bone that you have is the humerus. Ok. And let's have a look at the different structures of the humerus. So we have the head of the humerus. Ok. That's um the part that articulates with the glenoid cavity to form the glenohumeral joint. We have an anatomical neck and we also have a surgical neck. Now, in anatomy, a neck is basically when a head articulates with the shaft. So that's what we call a neck. But the reason we have a surgical neck here is mainly two things. Firstly, this is the part of the humerus that can often get fractured. And secondly, the axillary nerve runs in this region. So in cases of fracture, there can be damage to the axillary nerve. And that is of important medical relevance, which is why we have a surgical neck. In the first place. We also have our greater and lesser tubercles which are all muscle attachment points and we have an intertubercular groove. And as I mentioned again, everything's in the name intertubercular between the cubicles. It's also called a sulcus. You can call it a groove. Ok. The shaft is basically the body and we also have a radial groove as well. So the radial groove is like this groove here where the radial nerve runs. So when you have midshaft fractures of the humerus, the radial nerve tends to get injured which can present with certain specific features. And when we're talking about the innervation of the radial nerve, we so these features later, we also have our epicondyles which are again, clinically important in cases of epicondylitis. They can get inflamed, they can get affected. Um the capital trochlea, radial fossa, coronary fossa, electral fossa, all of these structures are important because this part of the um humerus, the distal part of the humerus articulates with the radius and the ulna. And when we discuss the radius and the ulna, we will also discuss these points in more detail and that's when it will all click. Ok. So before I go into that, we will also we will first have a overview of our shoulder joint. So it's basically a synovial ball and socket joint that allows for a wide range of movement. So as I mentioned, it, it's where the humeral head articulates with the glenoid cavity. Ok. Now, in anatomy, there's always a cost of something, ok. In our shoulder joint, it allows for a wide range of movement. Sure, but a little bit of stability can be compromised. Now, don't get me wrong. There are lots of muscles and ligaments that allow that, you know, um shoulder joint in place, you have your rotator cuff muscles and um other things like that. And just so, you know, the, the shoulder joint will be discussed later on as well. So don't worry about that. But what I'm trying to say is that because there's, you know, you've seen that there's a lot of uh cases where we have shoulder dislocations. So that's because you need to remember this factor here. It does allow a wide range of movement, but there's also that stability factor that's involved. OK. Um There's a glenoid labyrinth that's basically this part here where um the, the part of the joint where it articulates it has a fibrous capsule because, you know, it's a smo synovial joint. And the there are other ligaments involved like the glenohumeral ligaments, coracohumeral ligaments, transverse humor, uh humeral ligaments. And as I mentioned, um these are the ligaments that help with stability, OK. Now, radius and ulna. So again, as I mentioned, when we're keeping ourselves oriented, keep your palms forward. OK. So the radius is lateral and the ulna is medial and these two bones may.