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Uh a deep breath. And um today, our learning objectives are mainly two things uh to talk about importance of literature review and how to write a literature review. That's basically uh what we will be dealing with today. And it's important for you to know that um literature review is a very critical uh aspect of every research work. So it's not just uh about your, I know some of the people in a 506 100 level will probably be doing research work in their community uh medicine posting. But I want you to look at it beyond that in the sense that when we talk about literature review, literature review is needed in every aspect of research. So whatever research you want to do, whether you are talking about ESIs, whether you're talking about an article that you want to publish or whether you are talking about letter to the editor, anything there is a component of review of literature in basically any new stuff that you want to bring out. And it's important that we all have an idea of how do we go about uh getting to do this another very important place where we need literature review is actually in the concept of uh writing grants. I'm sure you'd be wondering why she telling us about grants because uh the engine to any research work is funding. So eventually for you to be able to do proper research that will catch attention of the old word, you need to be able to get funding for them so that you'll be able to do things properly. So when it gets to funding uh grant, so you need a set of literature because if you get a set of literature, it helps you better uh to be able to do uh to be able to uh identify gap because people that are going to perform your work, they need to uh be sure that um there is a gap that you're actually going to address and that's the only sense of literature review because when I'm reviewing the literature, I want to identify gaps, I want to, I want to identify uh why should we do this study? I want to know uh what's with this study? What, what, what will you do because there's so many studies in the world. So if my study is not going to like uh bridge a gap, it's not going to improve uh what has been known. So why should anybody fund it? So basically think about it in a, in a, in the, in the business world, the way they pitch. So uh your literature review is for you to find area of niche that you are going to pitch uh to your work. That's just like a very layman way to make it interesting. So, as a form of introduction, uh what's do we actually call it a, a literature review? I'm still with them. Did you get anything? Please check your spam. I've sent it twice now. Ok. Thank you. So please just take it to the point of introduction of Pastor District. Thank you. Next side, next slide. Yeah. So now when we talk about uh like I was saying that, why do we do literature review? Because uh I feel that the weight of everything makes it easier for us. Uh If I have a reason why I'm doing something, number one of what you should know is that when you talk about literature review is an in depth analysis of the subject. So uh as we talk, we'll be, we'll be talking about giving an example. So if I, I want to know about COVID, uh let's say I, my intention is to check about the impact of COVID in no middle-income country. So uh I, so my question is about COVID. So I'm going to, when I want to do a literature review on COVID, the first thing is to check broadly what has people done in about COVID. And now to come down to low middle income country where I want to see it and to check about the impact So when you talk about literature review, you need to have something in mind, you need to have a topic that you are looking at in mind. So whatever your research question is, that is what you want to do, an in depth analysis on that is what you want to check uh to, to gain an insight into it. So uh the way it is, it is an extension of information gathering just for you to gain an insight into a topic. So I might feel that I know about something but until I research into them before I know that, oh, I didn't have this information. These are the debate that is going on in the world of this and this is what we need to do. So why do we conduct literature review? Number one, we conduct it because we want to develop a research idea. So I have something I just think I want to talk, I want to do something about COVID by the time I go into literature review and I found that the same topic that I'm interested in, somebody has done it. So, and if somebody has done it and the, I don't think I'm going to add anything to it. It might not make sense. I need to do it again. What do I mean? I, I'm sure somebody can ask me, it doesn't mean that if you have done it work before, no other person can do it to know uh but contest matters. So if my intention is to do impact of COVID in A and I went online, I saw somebody that has done exactly impact of COVID in A A I wouldn't have any justification to do something similar in. So I, but I can read that study to give me an i another idea because one study, one research work cannot answer all questions. So by the time you read it, you will find their limitations, you will find the things that they didn't do or they are meant to do and you cannot work on it. You see that that has helped you to develop a new idea that you never talk about. Another thing that literature review does is for you to identify God. So uh my interest still goes on in COVID. And by the time I did, like I I research down, I might be able to find that, oh, there is a gap in knowledge or maybe uh and washing alone is not enough, maybe something else could have helped. So it helps you to identify research car. It gives you a better idea on how to develop your hypothesis. So uh I'm sure that would be another topic to be discussed. How we form hypotheses. Usually we form your hypothesis from your research question. We talk about the non and alternative hypotheses. So this DNA literature review helps you to know about that. And I, like, like I said, initially, is that it can help you to obtain research fund. If you are presenting your work to set of people that feel that you are going to make a significant difference in treatment of patients or in the society at large, you might be able to have funding. So let, let's say that uh there's so much boss about uh um about uh what do you call it, climate change everywhere in the world. And uh uh you can go and research about climate change and see that. How does it affect medical practice? How does it affect surgical practice? And if you're able to obtain a niche, a gap and you pitch that to someone, uh you might be able to see your finding because global change, uh woman and all that, it's a really big thing that is going on around the world and you might be able to find a solution to it's coming from a medical perspective. So the idea is your research search helps you to identify gaps like you to be able to develop your own IPO testes. It helps you to broaden or widen your idea of our research. Next slide, please. So the next thing is I want to do a literature review. I want to do a literature search. What are the things that will help me? Number one, whenever you do a literature search without you having a plan and I will explain all this one by one. You need to have a plan. There's so much reading that goes to literature review. Search like you need to read, you need to read, you need to read. I cannot overemphasize the reading part. You need to read, you need to jot down, you need to pin down something to your wall to know how to go about it. And uh, when you are reading, I, I think I should be quick to say that at this point that please uh read with the, with the hope on mind. Sometimes as a researcher, you have already formed your own bias and is not making you to see. So when you are reading, read with open mind read uh with negative results like as well as those positive results, just don't always be blinded just to the positive. Uh I might decide that I want to come and do a study about transgenders in Nigeria that might look lofty. But by the time I search, I might see that I'm going to find it difficult to do because how many transgenders do you know that live in Nigeria like they are? No, we don't have so much hospitals doing gender reassignment and all that. So that might be a very, a amazing idea, but it might be something that might not be so visible to do. What might be a visible way to do. It is to check what are people, what are people doing or what has been done generally about transgender in Nigeria. So you might even start from just an observational study. Like what are, what is the perception of the care systems is transgenders uh or to gender reassignment in Nigeria? That might be your first question and you can now research into it. So, but you know, you need to read, it's, it's not just about, I have a good idea, you need to read about it, you need to research about it and whatever you find, you need to be able to analyze them like the results, findings, the kind of methodology that was used, everything like that has to be analyzed and that gives you gets to the step of identifying the research gap. And now you need to organize your thoughts, heavy draft and writing. If we are writing a literature review for ESIs, usually in the thesis format, there is usually a chapter that is devoted to literature review. So if my ss is about uh breast cancer in young women in Nigeria, I will have done my normal introduction, my scope, my whatever what is my aim. So my literature review will now be for me to talk about a breast cancer in the young, what people have done, what is known to what I'm trying to do. And when we are doing this organizing, that is the best time for you to put different headings. So there could be a gener idea about breast cancer. There is now a general where where there's now a sub in about young people, about cancers, in young people, about breast cancer, in young people, stuff like that. So you need to have an organized mind so that in a chronological, ho anybody that is reading your work knows where you're coming from, where you are going to. And without seeing you, you are able to tell a story. This is in the academic language, but anybody picking up your sister is able to make an informed consent about it. But apart from the contest of thesis for masters for phd, for all that, when you are writing your home research article, you still need to conduct a literature review. And this might be like to what helped you initially to get your research question that you now worked on. And this literature review that I conducted might be useful or would be useful when you are talking about discussion in your article because in the discussion, you have to show your home work your own results and compare with the other results and other studies that have been done. I've been able to see why you feel yours is good. Why you feel you got this result, why you feel the other result is not tell you with your own, but all this comes with intense literature review next slide. So during the planning phase, uh you have to be focused, it's very important. And why do I say you have to be focused if you are not focused, you, you will be easily distracted with the government of information that you can get. Uh we are all lucky to be in this generation where internet is readily accessible. And because of that, you can, it can be both a blessing and a cost in the sense that you have access to so many informations at the same time. And uh at the same time, you have have access to informations that you might not be needed. So you need to be focused to know exactly what you want to do. So if we are agreeing by what I've been saying in my, in my idea is on COVID, I need to be focused on COVID and not be distracted about other things. When we talk about scope, do you think scope does for you is for you to know the limitation of what you want to study? So uh let's say we want to study COVID in obese patients. I need to make it clear in my scope that I'm only studying obese patient with BM I or so. So, so, so if it is BM I that I'm using, so I'm gonna state the BM I, if I'm using the waist to hip ratio, I will state it if I'm using uh upper um whatever I'm using because there's so many ways to assess whether somebody is obese. So I need to state what I'm using specifically for the purpose of this study so that there is no confusion with any other study because another study might generate something different and it might just be because what we used to assess who is obese is totally different. So scope really matters. You need to be sure what I use in as a scope. The next thing is you want to identify keywords. Why are keywords important for some of you that might have published papers before or that read one or more research article before you will notice that most research article has a place where they write keywords. And the idea of those keyboards is that if someone is searching for a walk in this domain, those keyboards gives you visibility. And when I'm trying to do my own critical review of the literature, I should have keywords that I'm looking at. So let me give you an example of keywords. We talk about COVID in obese people. So my key word is COVID. My keyword is obese. So if I want to show geographical locations to you, maybe my intention is to do this study in Nigeria, I can put Nigeria. So when I'm searching, I know those things, I'm searching for. I'm searching for COVID, I'm check searching for obesity, I'm searching in Nigeria or Africa or whatever. So when you do your critical search, you must write down your keywords. What are the things that will lead me to what I'm looking for? If you notice you just put on Google COVID. So many things will come up. So you need to find a way to streamline what you are looking for. Another thing is to identify search engines that will work for you. We all know that internet has made our life easier. But at the same time, if you don't know how to use the internet or you might not be getting the maximum information that you need majorly for hos in medicine. If I'm looking for something you go to pot, you go to uh web of science, pot made central and all that. And that's because those are places that you can find literatures in abundance that is related to what you are looking for. And uh it's important for you to know and it's important also for you to know of all the stage uh method search online that are not uh that are specific for a particular thing you are looking for. If you are using, looking for cancer, there's some cancer databases that you can have access to that, that might, that might be way you want to go and look for. So it's very important for you to know where you are going to get your information from. And this is important from the beginning where you are setting out so that you are not missing out. You know, it's gonna be very oh mm, very disappointing to you. If you find out that you have done so much research on something and then when you are presenting it, somebody just told you that, oh, did you see the work that was published by? So, so, so last week or something like that and that usually throws people off balance. Uh So it's important to search as wide as possible and to search in places that you think it's uh specific to your, your kind of result that you are looking for. I talk about online databases, there are online channels that we usually don't want to look for. There's a channel of negative results. So usually everybody wants to publish a positive result. Like uh we want to find we are talking about COVID and obesity. So uh it would be interesting for you to say that obesity is a risk factor for bad outcome in COVID. But sometimes there are other results that might not be pleasant that, that, that you will get because you've thought that obesity should be a risk factor and you turn out obese to be a risk factor or something similar. So sometimes there are journals that publish negative results that published or people do studies and they don't find anything and it is they spent so much money and nothing was found. So those are so you need to have a balanced view. When you are doing literature search, you must have the positive results, the negative results, balanced review uh to be able to make whatever and because we are hauling to internet. Now, we always forget books. Don't forget there are textbooks that can give you information that you need, that can give you uh very important uh insight to what you need to write about the next slide. So now we've collected informations, we have lofty ideas put together and everything is said. So the next thing is for you to analyze and to be able to identify the gaps in all the information that you have collected. So uh in collecting this information, one of the things you can do for yourself is to like form a table. I think pictures gives you a better idea how a picture representation you can have a uh schematics to, to show that. OK. Uh When I was doing this review, I find a study that was published in 2000. And uh this, this, this is what this stuff was talking about because one of the reasons why you are doing this review is to actually review both the methods they used so that you're able to criticize the method. Is it a good method for that kind of study? Or is he a well thought out method? Let's say you saw a study that was trying to do a randomized country trial and this randomized country trial did not show us how they were blinded. They didn't say anything on how they don't blind people. There's nothing on how they allocate people to the control and the intervention site and they came out with a very amazing idea to say that whatever they did worked, you will be skeptical because their methodology is flawed. And that might be the reason why they are getting that result. Or somebody did a study in a population that is controlled, that is not that you cannot generalize. So I did a study on Caucasians and now I want to generalize my findings to Hispanics, to uh Asians, to Africans. That might be like a, a space for you to say that as good as this study is, it is not Generali able to other part of the world. And that might be the reason why you want to do the research. So when you are analyzing, you analyzing, based on what you have seen, you are summarizing your and the main point we are talking about debates that you've seen terrorist that we've talked about. So when we talk about debates, I don't know how much of clinical debates that you guys are saying. But then there, there's a way people are going to now in, especially when you go for conferences, there's usually a debate ab uh about clinical scenario. So let's say, uh I'm going to debate that um patients to always have a breast conserving surgery. And there's another person that's going to say I'm debating against you to say that patient don't always have to have breast conserving surgery, especially in Africa where Radiotherapy might be a problem So it's about whatever you find, your mind should be able to debate that uh all these debates going on, what is happening. And at the point in time, there is usually a debate going on around the world. Uh Sometimes the debates might be between two different countries. Like when you talk about the type of gastrectomy, the Japanese do a particular part, type of gastrectomy for cancers. And they think that their result is fantastic. And in the West they do something different. So that might be a debate you're trying to look at and see what are they doing differently? What is the gap that they are trying to identify? So that's very important when you're analyzing your result, comparing and contrasting me and result, I've talked about that you need to keep track of this source of information. So all this information you are getting is very important to, to keep track of them. So I tell people when you are writing your literature review, that's the best time to be using your referencing managers because you are going to forget you are going to mix up stuff. So always be in the habit of using referencing manager. And at this point for students, I would say you guys have access to so many referencing managers for free zo is free. You don't have to pay mentally, it's free, I think for most parts and notes you have to pay. So you don't need to look for that. But Zo is free and you can learn how to use Tero in 30 minutes. Go to youtube, learn in Zoster in 30 minutes, a video will pop out and you'll be able to do what you want to do. So please don't forget as you are writing down this literature review at this point, it's important that you keep where you get the source information and the most, the greatest way to do that is for you to reference your material as you are writing them. Also, I want you to know that to be a good uh So have a good strategy in analyzing your literature review. It's important that you limit your own bias because at this point in time, because we are high humans and we are prone to biases. Uh you might be biased towards a particular way and it is making you see everything or every biases in that way as been, right? So you need to be objective. That's the reason why you are doing this analysis. So your objectivity should help you to reduce your own bias and keep an open mind on the results that you're analyzing so that you are not uh overcritical of something or under critical of another thing just because of your home uh bias next like risk. So now we've, we've, we've analyzed, we've uh we've identified our topic and all that. So we need to write. So when you are writing, how do you write your literature review. Number one thing you do, your writing is to have a brief introduction and what your introduction entails, it entails uh like a summary of what you are of what you have found. So you are in like and you are introducing the topic. So let's go back to COVID. So you are introducing, oh COVID is whatever, whatever virus blah, blah, blah. And it started at this time. So we are going to do brief introduction to get people into the mood to want to read what you are talking about. The next thing is to do a chronological development of what you have found. What do I mean? So if I'm working about COVID, I need to tell, yeah, after my brief introduction, I need to talk about what is the big finding I found or what is the landmark uh paper or article that I found between COVID and obesity. That is my question and I need to talk about that results. Ex like a little bit explain. Oh, they had 2000 obese patients uh that had COVID. Uh This is the number of them that had severe COVID, this the number of them that have uh severe respiratory complications rather from COVID. This is the number of people that died. This is the number of people that were alive and this is the way to go the result and all that, that will give you that will send a template uh for what you are writing. And then you need to now go ahead to talk about every other uh smaller studies that you found and what they did differently or what they did, right. And uh at that point, you are going to go into this stage of identifying what is the research gap? What is the gap that has not been filled? What is the gap that I'm willing that my study is going to fill in? So that will be the next thing. What do I hate to do with this gap? So you find that there's this amazing gap uh that the study I showed that the uh maybe it's only morbid obese people that actually have issues and they are now the people you want to work on. So you, you are, you, you are trying your gap. And the next thing is for you to summarize true conclusion of what you have found. And that makes it more easier for people to read. Another thing that I found online is that people talk about when you are writing these traps, you might use a table because it gives you uh it's able to say, oh, this, this study said this, these other studies said this, these other studies that they said this, that might be a better way to picture it. But I think all these works more, especially if I'm writing the literature review in the concept of different. But if I'm writing if I'm doing a literature review in the concept of, uh I want to write a research article or have done, I'm trying to fill in the gap. This will be something that you have written down. Do your study come back with the results of your studies to compare with it with things that are in the literature and that will work well for your discussion. But if I'm doing literature review for my, for my thesis or I'm doing literature review for grant application. Uh The this this writing in this way uh will give an idea to wherever it's reading. What I'm thinking of why I'm engaging in this study and how am I going to be of help to the society and not just be wasting money and time next slide. So to conclude this uh plus training is to say that number one, the main reason why we do literature review is to identify gap in knowledge is to set stand for a new study for us to have an idea of why we are doing a new study is to structure your own review. And the systematic approach to writing a literature review should always be used and this will help you to reduce your biases. Thank you so much. So, questions and thank you very much, ma'am on behalf of the um FT CO band, on behalf of everyone presents, I want to say, thank you very much. So, at this point, we will take questions um if you have questions.