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Good evening everyone. Uh My name is for me, Lola had a me, I'm the research the academically for uh the Radiology Interest Group, Africa. Thank you so much for joining us this evening. Understand it's that I know it starts there and we have weekend plans, but thank you so much for taking out the time to join us this evening. So tonight's event is the first in our research uh series. Uh It's the goal is generated to just get you started in research. I mean, depending on what level you are, you know, some of us may have already uh published in the past, some of us may be currently working on some papers or, or you're just wondering out to get started. So the goal is to just give you to give us including myself um the necessary push motivation and some direction as well because I believe that if you do not have the like the right um map as where you could really get lost in the sea, um We have a number of speakers for the events in the in this research res but for, for tonight uh research uh speaker uh is a medical doctor. Uh He has won a number of awards as well and I'll just be shortly introducing him is received a number of awards which include the Royal African Leadership Award. Uh the Commonwealth COVID 19 0. The one is a one year word scholar. He is a Mandela Washington fellow as well. He is currently, he has a master's degree in reproductive health sciences from the Pan African University. Uh He's a medical doctor from the rest of the bladder, which is my Alma Matter as well and is currently studying for a phd in public health Sciences as at the University of North Carolina. His name is Doctor Isaac Liu Fadela. Thank you so much, Doctor Isaac will be speaking for some time for some minutes and you can just put your questions in the chat box, please as the as it speaks or you, if you'd like to ask at the end, we could do that as well. But I think it would be best for us to type our questions in the chat box is that when it's time for the Q and A, it'd be easy to take all the questions over to you, Doctor Isaac. So thank you so much, Doctor Adeyemi for the introduction. It's a pleasure to be here today. I really love to talk about research and it's really nice to be in this forum today and like she has said, please, if you have any questions, if you have, um, anything whether it's an ongoing research project or whether it's like a research topic that you're thinking about, you can always, like, drop it in the, in the chat box. And then I think it's going to be, I'm looking forward to like the questions. I'm looking forward to the discussion at the end of the presentation. And, and one thing I want us to know is that, um, to start with, especially when it comes to research, I would really want to start with the premise. I know that I'm talking about introduction to uh research. I would really want to start with the premise of researchers fun, you know, and it takes really someone who really like uh these things to really get to know about research. So I would just really, I hope I'll be able to inspire the phone or will I use the word um uh the creativity, intellectual phone that like and the joy if our research brings and be able to like, you know, trans translate some of that or will I used to be transmitting and infectious disease perspective? You know, some of us, too many of us today. Uh So I would start with like, you know, so he there is, I'm the executive director of so many health initiative. Uh Currently, I have over 45 peer reviewed publications. I had the opportunity of working with the, as an international expert with the Lancet COVID 19 Commission and I co founded issuing research academic that trains, you know, professionals and, and people on research. I want to really also start with this saying that like I feel like some how I stumbled into research. I don't feel that like when I was in medical school, I always had this notion that I, when I grew up or, you know, when I, when I like finish my medical degree, I would venture into research or public health like full time, you know. Yes, I know that I had like some of the skills of some of the gifts, but it's never just really occurred to me, maybe because of the exposure that we have had with research, you know, and I'm quite sure that that's like the case for so many other people, especially if you're trained in like a, in like a low or middle income country like Nigeria, you know, where there's a lot of emphasis on the theoretical aspects of many others things. But um there's gonna be one thing that really want us to know, you know, in terms of like, you know, research, which really looks at like, um I really want us to really get the concept or will I used to have a background knowledge in research? So, uh I had the opportunity of going from my master's study in um in Pan African University and the University of Ibadan. And then it was during those periods that we had, I had like the first really rather experience with research. And one thing that really made it fun for me was because maybe because I was also the like only Nigerian guy with, you know, with other, like other students from other countries. And then we discussed like many of the problems or one of the challenges, you know, the innovations and the other things that we had, you know, respective countries that really brought out the life in research for me, you know, but, but for some of you, it is like probably the, the thing about the joy of like new technologies, like, you know, using Python, using, you know, deep learning models or, you know, using all these new tools, you know, in doing research. And I think with the advent of um artificial intelligence and a lot of like new technologies research is so much more fun than it's ever had been or that it will ever be. So um I would first I know that like there's so many different definitions of research, you know, I would just like really categorize this into what I call the five s of research, you know, and just from that word research, you know, research basically is you start by searching, right? So I think the word reim part of the search just really indicates that you have to like search over and over again and once you know, this, you know, piece, right? So in sense of, you know, someone told you sometimes that, oh, somebody was breaking the world record in um in cook, take a cotton in May be lucky Lagos. And then, you know, you went on linkedin and then, you know, you went on like probably uh tiktok and you didn't find the person, then you went on linkedin and then you, you didn't find the person. Then probably you went on Instagram. Yes. You saw the person huge that then we were wondering, is it Hilda in my church or the Hilda, that stuff? You know, and then you started like, you know, searching um um for instance, let us say you have maybe Linda cages block all in the cages block should actually pick that up, right? You know, so that process is basically you're basically doing research. So research is not just for, you know, in terms of like, so when people say I don't like research and I'm like, wow, you do research every single day of your life. So why don't you like it? So in the context of like everyday life, you know, we uh research beings, I think just to put just to drive on that point. And basically, you know, it was based on your research that it does discover that or more, you know, I don't know whether, whether you have this experience as a child and I'm just really dwelling here because I feel them once we are, once you understand that like research is just a part of everyday life, it changes everything, you know, when you were a kid, when we were kids and then we went to like the, um, the lightbulb and then you were trying to balance it. I don't know who tried to balance it and who probably was successful, who wasn't successful. But I try that, you know, as a, you know, young, they're like, what, what's the point? Does this thing sleep over? You know, that's like trying to like, you know, make a, have a research. So definitely you have to have a subject, you know, and whether it is radiology or it is a clinical medicine or it is, you know, reproductive here is the HIV research. You cannot do everything and that's like why the time the subject is really important, then you talk about systematic, systematic is everything. So you have not. So it's not just about, oh, this is what is being done, you know, there must be a systematic process to it, you know, and um when we talk about systematic process, you know, what's, how are you doing? What you're doing? So for instances you can look at okay. Um when we take uh five uh sand and then we take like five spoons of sand and then two spoons of salt, you get this formulation, you know, and then like somebody else's does it, you definitely get the same results and that is it. So anytime you're doing like maybe research and then you are not putting this is, I think this is, this is forever and that's why like, you know, one of the coffins or call elements of like what research is really about. Then it has to be scientific, you know, I'm not going to be like, um spending too much time because we know that there are so many, so much things on research methods and many other things, you know, and then it also adds to knowledge and that's like where I mean, some of knowledge here, you know, so it has to like, you know, add to like, you know, something. So you have to like, so when people talk about research, some people think it's no VLT, you know, it, novelty does not really mean something new entirely, but it's just really means that, you know, something that is, you know, you're bringing different perspective. And sometimes I really wonder, like, how people just really look for, you know, research topics to do. Because if that's been done in America, you can do it in the UK. If nobody has done it in UK, the fact that I changed location, that's novelty, you know, sometimes it's just like, oh, in America, what they did was logistic regression. What I'm doing is most varied, like, you know, regression or something like that, that's novelty or what they used was whatsapp. Now I'm using tiktok and Facebook. That is a novelty and basically that is how we know, like, you know, something, you know, have add uh knowledge. So now that I've established the foundation, which is like my major tax today, I know that um we'll be going through like, you know, why do we do research? This is a lot of things, you know, degree you need to progress in your career, promotion, self challenges, you know, but I feel, I feel that one of the soft spots for research is when you just divide by intellectual joy, when you get to that phase, then you know, research is no more work. It is fun, right? You know, I know that there are many things uh to understand this about research. But I think another key thing is there is the Exp Act factor. You want to be seen as an expert in your field. It doesn't matter whether you have tweeted 100,000 patient's. One of the things that gives you that expert factor is the fact that oh you have this number of publications and that's just really sets you apart because it's seen as a benchmark or as a to, you know, if you like, you know, spend 24 hours in the clinic or, you know, you say you are in that academic institution, you sleep over, you know, the academic institution for like maybe three months and then somebody does those three weeks and produces three papers, basically those three weeks and produce three paper will be respected more than, you know, the person that does, you know, just does the work and it's not producing results. So basically publications and the ability to do research itself is what they call results and everybody needs results. Yeah. So I've mentioned like a lot of this, you know, so and yeah, so in terms of like characterised of the research, I think just to, just to like let us know, you know, I I've mentioned some of these things in earlier, you have to be objective, right? So you don't just say uh you want to do a research and you say Ghana uh Ghana you love is better than Nigeria. You love. I made I purposely he switched it, right? Because I know they love, there are a lot more Nigerians here because that you are not being objective. You know, you can also say the other side of all Nigerians olive is better than Ghana you love. You know, because at the outset of your research, we are saying that oh this person is not objective, you know, so you, so you, you really want, so you don't want to see, you don't, you don't want to like have all your introduction and say, oh this is the reason why you Nigeria like you have to like put in like, oh we don't probably know whether you know, this is what might make this but you have to like, you know, have some level of you don't want to appear as someone who, uh, just really want to find out something because you want to just what they call confirmation by us. Yeah. I said it's now, you know, it's, uh, every, uh, you're a bad boy is a, you're a bad demo and for instance, you know, and I said it's, that's what we found, you know, from our research, right? So that's like one really key thing. And you need to ask yourself these questions, whether it's a new radiology technique or it's some, you know, I might be an objective in the way I'm approaching this question, then replicable balance. Quality control, applicable balance is a very interesting thing that also goes with objectivity, replicable is like, you know, goes a lot with reproduce uh replicable, we talk about like if somebody else does that same thing with the same method you really used, will the person be able to get the same results? And I know that there's this thing, you know, do you, do you really need to be able to get the same result in research? But when we say same, we don't mean like exactly the same but something to see me like, you know, and that's why we use this like confidence into about, you know, range and things like that because we expect things to like, you know, not be exactly the same but can really just walk around since like this. So quality control, I'm not quite sure, like we already, we already familiar with many of these things. But I think right now when we want to like engage in research or we want to do um make ensure that we um we, we, we use research in our work, then we have to like, really look at it from this perspective. If you do a research that you think that cannot be applicable to any policy, cannot be able to solve any problem. You know, then you are really not in the business of like, you know, doing research. So just um this is like a very good graphics and I got from um this um uh that really shows like, you know, how well what are the steps, right? In times of like doing research. So many times, you know, I feel that this is what they call maybe uh people that's talking research, sometimes you want to do everything at the same time. You know what I mean? You want to do every time, everything at the same time is that first you have to really see like you have a topic and that's why I like, I like to like define research and include that you have to have a subject. You can also say you want to do research in radiology that is not specific at all. And then you go to the literature, I'm telling you, you'll be depressed after three days, you know, you go, go to the literature. And they are not searching pop minto radiology, research topics or radiology stuff because you get so much this, I mean, so much suggestions than you can. And then you get into the, um, into that frame where, because you have so much that it's been um, put out to you, then you are fatigued would like call it decision fatigue, you know, and that's why it's a step wise process, you know, you cannot really say because for instance, I want to, um, uh, you know, we want to anyway. So like you want to do a work for instances, I've done so many, so many research works. And then like, you have to, once you get the two topic, I can, I can almost tell you that your work is almost half done. You know, immediately you have the topic and you can like, know what you really want to do based on like, you know, what you already have, then your work is almost just almost like, you know, if problem shared is a problem half solved because every other thing can really follow. You know, I remember sometime and then we wanted to do like a research and then, um, actually I think it was COVID. Yes, I wanted to do like research on like, what's the mental health status of like young people? You know, you know, my one mental health was also a very, very broad topic. So we had to bring it down and then narrow it down to what's the, you know, what the level of the press, depression, anxiety, this other among young people. Then it really, really made a lot of sense then, then we had to, you know, then because we have selected the topic, then went to review literature, definitely COVID was just happening the global pandemic. We have not really seen it before, like in the last 100 years, you know, before the like, you know, last major pandemic. And um it was easy to reveal literature and we didn't see, you know, we didn't see, we didn't even find any as at the time we searched them and everything and about one thing that really clarify what we were doing. So it was, it was way based of it was the fact because we're able to identify a topic to do. Now, we can say, oh, we want to do research on young people. That's like a lot. Like I get a lot of those kind of vibes, you know, from like researchers and like, okay, what do you want to do or something? It doesn't mean that you cannot also go broadly sometimes. So for instance, we started with want to like identify the mental health of young people, okay, which areas which was are the most applicable, you know, so don't fall into that trap of we want to do everything and then you do nothing, you know. So that's a very key thing, then you need to review the literature. Okay. Now I want to look at maybe the rule of city scans in diagnosis of, um for instance, maybe of um maybe brain cancers and you go ahead, you see, you look at the review of literature and say, okay, I've seen all the views, they've seen, they've been able to um, talk about this. Somebody has done a good systematic review on this. So you go to the end, you know, the last part of the person's work and the person will most likely talk about future research and things like that. Then you start getting, having an idea. OK. Future risk said you look at um um cities can and it's using African population because 90% or 95% of the studies that have been done that we found have been done in high income countries. Then it makes sense, right? So already getting an idea of what you want to do. So the literature review process itself helps to guide what we do, you know, helps like help us formulates, you know, which takes us next step of formulating high protesters, you know, helps us because hypothesis could be something like, okay. Um um you know, we have what they call, I'm not going to like, you know, the two technical tools. No, we have the no I protestors and we have the alternate I protesters, you know, so, you know, I protest is like the world Noel says, you know, you say or something like, oh uh CT scans are not effective, you know, in the diagnosis of brain cancer's a month, maybe African population. That's like a possible like formulation of a high protests and you alternate a protest. This goes the other way or CT scans are responsible for uh and everything. So then the names and stuff. Okay. First want to understand this, the first aim. Okay. First aim is that a CT scan? Um like uh number one, is there even CT scan there at all? Is there a CT scan in this, you know, uh number two is um is it it's effective, you know, so usually you should be able to like come up with like, you know, at least like 123, you know, some people want to want to do research, they have like eight questions. I mean, that's not a research, like that's become a research series. It's not, you know, longer like one research study, you know, that I would call that like a research series. Like your research aims an objective, I mean, ideally in a very conservative way should ideally be like maybe between maybe 2 to 5, you know, five is getting a little bit too much. But uh usually I always like really tailor it down to like three right at the end of the day. But I'm not saying that like you can have to, you can have one and very strong one. And then, you know, you give it to your best and all that material and methods like, okay, how are we going to get this done? You know. So I was talking about like, you know, ct scans, big diagnosis of brain cancer among African, let's say not just African population, maybe you could just say maybe Nigerians and then you say, oh, materials and methods is okay. You do a survey, institutional surveys. So who are you going to give this stuff to? Okay, maybe the end of uh radiology and all the uh all the tertiary institutions like, you know, to the survey tools and all that, you know, your methods and everything and you know, you get on with like the observational results, you know, so choose the subject based on idea can be based on your experience based on your reading originality. So I'll be moving very fast now, you know, define your objective because I really leave that, you know, foundation, keep your objective principle. Uh the more things, the more difficulties get, you know, um you can get help from people, the experience researchers and everything, you know, researches about letting, I mean, one thing I've really gained is this like, yes, the best way they said that um experience is the best teacher, right? You know, but you can actually learn a lot if you learn from the experiences of other people, you know, and that's like why it's important that you get into forums like this. Um uh We, why you have a forum like this, you know, why, why there's different like platforms or four A where people can like discuss these things where you need to discuss with like experienced researchers, senior colleagues who have been there before. Just, well, it helps you, like get this because like, once you have your topic and your objectives and you know what exactly you are looking for. I think this like once you can get this done, you know, you have really got in like, you know, much more than halfway the, you know, by this time. And also it's important to like joint research groups, like groups that are probably like dedicated towards research, really helps you, you know, in shipping um in ensuring that you have something done, you know. So you know, this literature, so literature review process, which is like, you know, a very beautiful picture that really reflect on this too. So you raise a question, you plan to seek answers, you search, you know, search and all that you have a reflection, think of your actions, you know, and then you stop and reflect on current actions, you know. So this is basically like a very simple process to just like make you understand. So first you have to start with the question, don't go and start with searching, right? Because that's like a very a very good avenue for confusion, right. At least have an idea, you know, at least have something and then, like, just go structured. Do you get, you know, reflect on whatever it's being done? You know, and, and, and you can really skill from there, you can really just like, move forward from them. Uh That really helps in putting these things together. And so it's, it's, it's a very, you know, it looks like it's a very simple process, but it's also a very hard one itself, you know, somebody came and then told me and said, like, everything is hard before it is easy. And that is the very good case, whether applies is research. It's always hard in the beginning. I wouldn't lie to you. Like, it's very hard, like identifying what we call, you know, obvious. Like, even though we say this is a simple process, it's hard, like doing that, you know, and that is why, um, like group work really helps a lot in like the research process. So it's important that you understand that. Okay. Yeah, it might be hard. Right. Right now. But if I pacis then it becomes easy. Like the next one becomes easier, the next one becomes easier. Not necessary because you don't work, you might work time, stand off like the one you did for your first paper or your second paper. But it's, the process itself is not as difficult because what makes research very difficult is the fact that like a lot of people don't know exactly where to um start from and what they want to do. That's like the most, one of the most stressful stuff, you know, so you can check if your idea is original. Like I said, originality does not mean new, right? Original just means that you'll be introducing new perspective. Somebody has done something in London. You are doing it in Manchester and then you're adding some other newer things that may be the way you are going to check those things, you know, get articles to of at find gap areas and everything. So research is more of an art, you know, that you basically build, you know, with time and um that's very critical and then you define your objective. So this is basically just like some of the things I've been talking about, uh you basically want to know um how obvious things really go. So one really key I know we know about like now that, you know, we've been able to like settle a lot of that. Um the research methods, like if I take a research paper, the most important part of our research paper is actually the method section. And that's why I'm, I'm like devoting like an entire slide to the method section. We know how a research paper probably works. We know it starts with an introduction of background. You have probably the objective in the introduction section, maybe at the end of the introduction section. That you have the methods and then you have the results, then you have the discussion and you know, plus or minus, you have the conclusion at the end. Um for the research methodology, it's just basically is the systematic, it characterizes the systematic part, you know, the subject you could save as the objectives and aims, right? But for the methodology, uh the methodology is like, how are you doing what you're doing? So for instances, you want to like check the color of the sky, you know, and then somebody says, oh in my research, you sleep and then you check the color of the sky. Somebody says, oh in my research, you go out, you know, you look at the sky, you know, that's, that's the way we check the color of the sky. Who are we going to believe the most you're going to most likely believe the person that goes out of his room of his, you know, apartment and then looks up at the sky and you know, and then that's how he knows the color of the sky. Whereas the person that sleeps in the bed and then just like sees the sky in his dream is basically doing research, but he's not using the appropriate methodology. I just really simplify that. I mean, that's like two basic for a research, you know, so the methodology could be okay, you want to like sample the all um adolescence in the United Kingdom and what you do basically is, um, in your committee, maybe your county, just one out of like the 100 thousands of, hundreds of thousands of counties in, let's say, let's assume that the United Kingdom has 100,000 counties and you're county is just one out of 100,000. And then you sample all the youth, all the young people in your, in your county. And then you say that, uh, the, uh, you did the um you let us say you're, you're working on maybe sexual health like HIV infection rates among teenagers in the United Kingdom. That's a very faulty methodology because United Kingdom has 100,000 counties or 100,000 maybe cities. So the methodology or the right mythology is that okay? Out of the 100,000 cities, they are 10 maybe um States, I'm just using that for example, or we have the Manchester region, 10 regions have the Manchester region. We have the London region. You have something okay because we don't have because don't forget you don't have all the resources in the world because we don't have all the resources and the money in the world we want to do for five, right? So you say okay, what we first did was that we did a random sampling process to select five out of 10. That's half, right? It makes sense, right? And it's randomly, it's not like you decided to just select, you know, this one I, I like London let me select London. Oh, I like Manchester. The name even sounds good at Manchester City is now in the UEFA Champions League final. You know, let me select those ones too. Uh, booting, uh, which I played for boots. And sometimes you go, let me select booting, you know, like that's bias, right? And then somebody does says, oh, I randomly selected that. Okay. Now, out of those five, I randomly selected, I also, you know, use a systematic way of selecting the county's okay. Out of every maybe 10 counties, I selected one county like number one at the sector. Number 11, I selected about 21 you know, usually, you know, a multistage research methodology, you know, and I'm quite sure like of our speakers who come and, you know, give you all those like many, many detailed, you know, stuffs on research methodology, but just like give us like what it is and you know, from where you selected, maybe at the end of the day, you said like 100 counties and then you did the survey, yes, is representative of United Kingdom or like the person I don't state, even though both of them probably used one, maybe 10,000 young people wanted 1, 10,000 young people in just one counting the old 100,000 counties in the United Kingdom. The other did maybe 100 per county in 100 different counties. The other person basically has a better methodology than the one that just did for one. So that's like the way you look at it when it comes to like research methodology. So first are you asking the question on behalf of the United Kingdom? So now if you said I want to do this research, you know, on HIV prevalence rates in my county, then it's a different ballgame. Now, your aim and objective is to know the HIV prevalence in your county. Then the first mythology of just sampling all the young people in the county is probably appropriate. If the person has the money to do that, no ball, the person can now say okay because I'm just doing this county, this is something. So the topic changes the focus so big. Basically, you judge someone's methodology on their aim and then on their objectives, right? So first I want to know HIV prevalence rates in the United Kingdom or HIV prevents rates in boost in maybe boating county for instants. That's, that, that takes, you know, so the first you have to focus on your aims, an objective, you have to identify which research methods suits what I'm trying to do. Three, you have to know the rationale, know what's the rationale. I want to ensure that every young person in your, in the United Kingdom. For instance, if you are doing the general one has like a probability of getting, you know, selected, then you can't generalize the United Kingdom. That's the ra Russian. Now, you know, So what's, what's, what's the, what's the rationale behind selecting that research methods? You know, and then, you know, um so consider your objects and think about how you collect data. So someone can say I'm going to the streets to be collecting data. But if you want to get maybe young people between the ages of 12 and 16, you probably go to their secondary school, they're high school or whatever it is called. So, so and then you definitely have to like, look at okay for young people. Should we get the data online or should we get it from uh Facebook? Should we get it from tiktok? Should we get it physically? You know, based on what you want to do? You know, but because what you want to do might be um you, you just like really just look at okay. These are the different methods I want to do which one is the most visible you have to look at feasibility. You may not have like the manpower to start going to all the schools you can say, oh yeah, since they love, I mean, 99% or let's say 95% of young people in this age bracket on maybe youtube kids. I mean, we can use youtube since all of them go there, you know, we can get that and you know, get our data, you know, and you have to also consider, wow, I'm dealing with young people, write it means I have to get parental consent or how do we get this? Oh, if they have like a PT a meeting or they have like a parent, student stuff, then maybe that's the way to go. We go there, we get a sense, we get their ascent and we get concerns from there parents and then we can get to go about our data collection. So you there are many things to look around, you know, based on like the data you want to collect. Is it clinical data is a field day to all those kind of things. You know, if you're collecting clinical data, you have to think about things like ethical approval and so many other things, you know, even if you want to get a few data, you have to also think about that. So you have to analyze that and be able to get a research methodology that is appropriate and fitting for your research. So uh research article writing, you know, now you have collected data, you have analyzed it, you have to find a suitable uh journal, get a copy of instructions to alters, you have to prepare the article as per the instruction, different formatting style, you know, different things, you know, then you have to like talk about the others and affiliation, get an abstract, having highlights many of them, talk about nobility statements. Like I said, a nobility doesn't really mean an entirely new thing, you know, but something that like you add to the sum of knowledge, you know, you look at the introduction, then these are your research as Google's, your introduction, materials and methods in your introduction is what they call the funnel ship approach starts with like the general, you know, you want to talk about maybe mental health in the United Kingdom. You can see over one, almost one billion people have a mental health disorder according to W H O in Europe, this is even like worse with the prevalence rate of this one. And this is what is applicable in the United Kingdom and then keep going United Kingdom, United Kingdom. But you have given us like that kind of final based approach in the introduction. And at the end of the introduction, then don't forget you have to talk about with a rational why you are doing research. At the end of your introduction, you have to tell us what's your aim and objectives before you now move to the metal section. And you know, like someone like me, when I want to read the research at school, I don't really read all those introduction, all those the area. Oh this is this one. I just go, what's this person's name? I'm just saying, I want to review an article in two minutes. I just go, what's this person aims and objectives? What's the special methodology? Can I trust the results? And in my mind, I'm like, yes, I can trust the result and I go over to read the results section and discussion section, you know, and then I see the conclusion and then read other things. So this basically the steps, you know, that just really help, will help to guide you on this, you know. So, um just looking at my time now. Yeah, so and we're wrapping up, so looking at this, you know, so generally research reports know, would include this and everything. Um So you have to state all these things, some would ask for your resume from you. Some will ask, well, I mean, some you have to like talk about, you know, the description of the matters, date analysis, you know, presen presentation of results and many other things. So that's uh that's like the way um the research process good. So research studies basically can be divided into what we call the um uh exploratory, exploratory and the descriptive research, you know. So basically you, the, the the thing here is like based on your research objective, you might just want to really describe, you know, the characteristic of an individual situation or a group, you want to say, okay, what are the, what are the characteristics or what's the blood, you know, uh hypertension stuff like among the Nigerians in United Kingdom happen, you know, and then you just like basically describe that, you know, and then for some, you know, you're just basically like understanding like a new phenomena or a new phenomenon on to just gain like new insight on what you want to do. So you have like diagnostic research. Um you have the hypothesis testing research, meaning that you want to understand like, okay, is there cause a relationship between these variables or this thing predicts this or people that are shot, you know, people or people that maybe are black have more likelihood of getting like, let's say you have more chances of like having hypertension. You want to really know when you take, you know, different people and then you just really understand that from research studies. So from, from research studies, before I go to the last, we have like different types of like papers just for you to know. So we have a commentary paper. So research is not like every time you have to get original, original data, you know, you have original. Um um So when you call talks, talk about like um research papers, you have like commentaries which is like, you know, you, you write a review on or you, you know, make a commentary just more like a, a beautiful scientific um scientific like writing on an importance, you know, area. But usually if you want to have a commentary, you should be like an expert in that field. It's makes sense, you know, to promote the. But you know, you have like what we call you can do research, contributing primary data, you go to the field collect data and everything. But that's most, that's very stressful that I can count the number of papers I did with primary data, you know, but there's another one which is secondary data, there's a lot of second data out there, you know, a lot of data from the NHS just locking, you know, around in the UK. But nobody's really using, nobody's really like having research on that. So you can actually do secondary data analysis, meaning that the data has already been collected and then look at the data and then you actually really formulate some questions from the data and then you actually really analyzed and then you can write the people from that, you know, which is a very critical thing and a very beautiful and stuff to do. Then you can have things like so based on like you could classify, you can look at like research based on like several um several um look at it based on how you collect data. Like I said, primary data, you have secondary data. I mean, you can have research reports, research commentaries and um so many other things. So uh I think thank you so much. So researches and adds. So I would really add, manage us to make it to your craft. A craft means that you engage with it over and over again and see it more as a skill, which I believe it is much more than like something that you learn. You know your from a theoretical perspective, you learn more about research, by engagement, research and by doing research on and by writing research than by reading about it or you know, just reading research, like reading research. Yes, you learn more about it, but you learn more when you actually do it. So thank you so much. And uh thanks for having me and I would look forward to our questions and uh thank you so much. Uh Thank you so much, Doctor Isaac. I really, really enjoyed that health. I love your related. We'll approach your knowledge is where things are new and really sign for you sick. I mean, my top lessons, our research is fun because when you think about the oh process that goes into publishing a paper with a stressful process, I'll just go online and then just put a topic there and there's so much that comes up and then you're already tired from just the first page. So thank you so much for your approach. Um The five hair search subject, systematic scientific. And then there's some of knowledge and also that we are research beans, which is true. Every day we check up one, just one trending topic and then you keep digging and you keep digging until you get to the end of the gist on Twitter. So really, we have research beans and I also like the disclaimer that you give that everything is hard first until it becomes easy. So in case anyone is really so quite excited and then you just get started tonight and you're like, oh, this is too hard. I'm just going to close my laptop. You already give us a disc liver. It's hard first and then it becomes easy, becomes your craft. Thank you so much. Um So now it's time for our questions. You can put them in the chat box. I want to check for the questions. I don't know if you can see uh questions. Thank you. Okay. So I think somebody here puts, can you please tell us about the criteria of the research? Um I don't know in what context let me just see. Uh Fatima mamu. Thank you for your question. Uh Could you be please more specific? Uh Today's event is just an overview of research, generally not radiology research. Uh Subsequent events will be more streamlined to radiology. So we have a professor coming from, she's actually an edit er for a radiology journal. So that will be very radiology specific, but today's just general general research. So if you could please uh add some more elaborate on your question, please. Thank you. Okay. Yes. So I think I would just like maybe talk generally. I mean before if you know, we have like more details on that. Yes. So I think if we look at, you know, sometimes you would say they're like, okay, what's the criteria or how do we say this is the research. So I think one major thing when it comes to like research, which is just like the things have talked about earlier, which is there has to be systematic, there has to be like some systematic form to what you, the person has done or what the person is doing, right? So when you remove systematic away from the process of research, then you have removed almost everything. So you can have a subject and it's not research, you can have a news article for instance on maybe on the, the daily, daily times or you have it or maybe the Tribune or you have it on maybe the hill in the United Kingdom or the economist, you know, so it becomes a research when you, when you have like a systematic form and then you can actually really um someone else can use that system that you, that has been to do something similar and probably get in the world to call replica bility. So I think those are like the two critical things, you know, as regarding like research, you know, where you can do something using a systematic um using uh a systematic approach. And then you can actually really get some um you can replicate what has been uh what has been done by and some like someone else can replicate that. And that is why we need like publications because publications in your methodology section, you basically have to state how you did what you did, you know, what did you um um um what's, what did you do as regarding this and one thing? So I think I can see on that question, what research can I do that can be published fast? Like that's a very good question. I think that was like one of the questions to that was asking to when I first jumped into the original research and I would never forget like my first publication and what what really happened, you know, so I was like talking to them when I was like asking this very similar question, like I'm always a fast person and I was like, okay, how do I get published fast? Uh And then we're like, okay, we're like devising, okay. So what do we want to do right now? Uh And then I was working then on, I did, I did wanna, I did my stuff on, on the sexuality education and people's and teachers perception of it. And I remember then that somebody was like, wow, OK. So what do we do as regarding this? And then I remember that we went and then you use what we call secondary data. So secondly, data is like the fastest way to get published. Meaning that meaning that like when we say secondary data, we mean that data that you did not collect. So it could be data from your hospital, it could be data from, you know, the UK Ministry of Health or Department of Health, like, they probably would call it, it could be anything. So then we analyzed it and then like, one week we actually, we're done with like, a research for application. Yes, definitely. I mean, I would not like to you that we had to actually also stay online to do some extra work. You know, when we, when, because many people just talk about this place is like, you know, it's that easy. It's not that easy. Like you have to like always give up something, you know, we spent like almost all weekend working on that and then we're not even experts. So it means that we had like had so many mistakes along the way that we had to correct data run. And overall, you know, we had, we analyzed these things with data, were able to like rate the countries and we sent it to a journal we got published. But the good thing there was the fact that why it was fast was because number one, we didn't have to get ethical approval. And number two, we didn't have to um we didn't have to um we didn't have to like collect data because the process of data collection itself is can be quite stressful and can be very overwhelming sometimes because even before you even analyze data, you already sweating already say I'm not going to do it again. Oh no, I'm not going to do that. So that was like the principal we used and then it really work for us. Um And then yes and yes, definitely it's going to take some months before publication. But that was like uh that's, that's like the fastest because it has to go through what we call the peer review system where when you send your work, it has to, some reviewers would actually check it and say okay. Um It's just more like a gatekeeping process to just ensure that like the research works that go out are not like bad, right? Search. Um Don't forget so that there are some things we call and predatory journals and I hope that nobody really falls into that. They are the journals that will publish you for money, but they don't take it through peer review, but they are not respected by the academic world. So that is it. Um So I think I can have another question here. So it still going to take like some months. But I can say that you can get a research publication as lead to as like one week if you walk with secondary data and then you are fast and committed to the process of like writing, writing all that, you know, and doing a lot of work and doing some late nights on that. So um I can see a question here about okay, how can the person be sure of making a run of selection? So there are so many of uh um so run, run. Okay. So there are so many other things in terms of like random selection and how, how a random sample Ament is practically done. So in terms of random selection, um there are so many techniques. So you can we have what they call the fish bowl technique. And for the fish bowl technique, you basically like, you know, maybe for instances I talk, talked about the 10 regions, maybe in the United Kingdom. It was hypothetical. So I don't mean that those are like the 10 regions in the United Kingdom. And then you can just like put all of like write their names and put all of that in a bowl and then you pick five, right? So that's like a random. So it's randomly that you select those five, their computer generated random numbers and that you can do an exile, you can learn about that on youtube. So there are so many, you know, that thing. So even with in the age of machine learning, you know A I and all that and even like um computers, it's really easy to like get many of these like random sex technique and done. So as an NHS NHS doctor I, that's another question from Godwin Abraham, which research would you advise me to engage in? So I think it depends on your specialty. Like I said, research makes people experts. So it's more like research mix experts, you know, you want to be, you know, you want to be invited to talks all over the world. Research can really make you that I know I've visited like more than 10 countries without me paying anything. You know, just because of my research work and just because of my research expertise, you know, go for this conference, comfort this one and many other things. And um 11 thing is research also, like, I feel that research also like makes people better leaders because you just the same way you're like researching in sciences, also researching and leadership, which I believe that, you know, you can always like just really, no. So I would say that like your research topic should be quite aligned, if not completely aligned, you know, in the area of your interest, which means that um you if for instance, your radiology, you know, you could like look at, you know, radiology, you know, issues uh subject matters that you can be passionate about and you can really do. So those are the kind of kind of things. So you can actually really use second data, you can get data from your um from your clinic or from your um from your um from your, from the people that uh from your clinic. Like, yes, so I was saying, so you can get data from your clinic, from your hospital, from the group of hospitals. For instance, I I don't know whether the NHS has like a data bank, you know, so you can really use that as like an avenue of getting your data. You can also like get data from the um from like national surveys you can look at um even maybe globally. So you don't necessarily to confine yourself or restrain yourself like doing like radiology research based on the UK. So even if you do a research in Nigeria's pertaining radiology of us do detail technology or innovation because I know radiology is an innovative, like one of the most um innovative centric field, you know, innovation centric field in the field of medicine. And that is very critical and crucial for uh for, for you. So you can even do a research in ***, Syria, but it's based on religion Logie, even though you're there would people, when people say, oh you have seven, for instance, peer reviewed paper publications, nobody says, oh, what was the publication about? You know, it's just basically just see that, that you're getting experience and then you're building your craft. Like I said, it's about building your craft. So it's not about us running all at once. You start from wherever you can start from and that's progressively move forward, you know, as you just like really build on your craft. So, so I would really advise based on like the on the field that you are based in. But another thing when you see like excellent work being done in research on that field doesn't mean you can also participate in them. So the most common thing is athletes getting some work done right now and getting into the, getting into the mood of, you know, doing research. Um So somebody asks the question about. Um, so my question is in choosing the research topic that's um equal. My hope for instance, can a research topic sound like a session between bread and constipation among Children based on common clinical presentation? Yes. So, um so now the word association between bread and constipation among Children is more like it's more of the question, right? So it's more of what we call like the research question. So it's mina necessarily the topic, right? So you can say things like this kind of research can come with a research topic, like factors associated with con constipation among Children or you can use maybe something like those high fire by direct. I mean, you can also like ask, you can also formulate a research topic, but it's also in a question format. But usually we don't, it's not a common practice, it's not common practice. And um so you don't want like somebody to read your a reset topic must be what should be catchy, right? Should be engaging. And I remember like one of one of my most successful papers was maybe while during COVID and then it was like, I was scared it was a qualitative study, meaning that like, you don't have to always do quantitative like qualitative means that it does analyze. It was, it was, I was scared I would die alone, like in quotation marks like, oh, the psychological men and mental health experience of people. So I took a quotation from like the qualitative work and then added into the topic. So made it sound like really cool because it's just like you're trying to like, get published in the Nigerian Tribune or in um intel newspaper, right? And um just by the topic, publishers good except or reject the publication. So you would want something that would be like could draw people in. And then for instance, I already said fact that you have a constipation among Children maybe in the UK region. And then you say one um does, is this assisted with this? Is this like, so you can now say um is there an association between bread and constipation among Children? Is there an association between fish and constipation among Children? I'm not saying like, this could be like your research questions. Is there an association between drinking's oboe and constipation among Children? And that is like, you know, then you can really talk about that, you know, and then you research on that and then explaining methods. How did you find what you found? And then basically um so without maybe sounding by us, yes. So yes, sometimes, yes, you can also like come up with like this um is bread associated with constipation among Children in your research topic too. But like I said, like you, it's better, uh you're basically putting your research question as your research topic, which is, which is like, it's something but you just ensure that see the topic as a selling, you are trying to sell your research because you don't stop selling, you keep selling almost everything and every time, so you are trying to like sell. So you don't want to, you might not want to do that. So, ok, somebody says, God, we know Bram says, do you provide one on one coaching? What is your take on the case report? Okay, like, well, for me, um so for me in terms of like one on one coaching, um well, I don't do much of that right now, right? But I, I basically also like maybe help people guide people in there, like maybe personal research and things like that and uh and all that. But I know that like one area where we um where I work with or I work on is with the Sloman Oral Health Initiative research academic where we have the both the people that really want to come and learn research as a subject and also do research and then the professional people that we also like try to group together to do like um research together with. So the thing have really discovered about research is that research is basically works or tribes on in terms of like a group work rather than like, it's been like a solo effort. So usually like, for instance, with a one on one coaching, I noticed that like once a person's enthusiasm, like really dry on like maybe two on one coaching then basically like, it doesn't mean that like, yeah, I mean, in the research economic where we take people one on one and say okay, yeah, so this is the area I want you to improve on this area, we want you to improve on. And that's like how it goes on the region. And then like, yes, it can be professionally tailored because you know that you're professionals are busy people and it just based on like maybe an interaction with, you know, them on their research projects but usually with peer people up, like for instance, a professional says, oh I want to research about maybe um I want to research about uh for instance, maybe what born diseases and like, okay uh who else in the in our academic really is also interested in this even though this professional was because you would always need help. And that's why you will really see research articles that are only just published by one person. You will actually really see at least 34 what's even threes. Sometimes you even see up to like 50 people or work publications. You know, sometimes you see like up to 12, you know, I remember like the last paper that we published in Land Set um in the land set, a systematic review published in the Lancet Global Health were like maybe like 15 or something or need. And everybody like did everybody did sweat on that work, you know, and basically that's like the way research because, you know, research basically also teaches you a lot about teamwork about that. But not yes, some people really need one on one question. We have a mentorship platform meaning that like people appeared but I mean, not everybody gets paired with me but people that appeared with me, I go on one on one with them, ask them questions and many other things. But like it's basically um based on like the peering or the stuff system for that. So, so some, I think the last question here by Fatima is that, can I do a research on group? Okay. So I think it's better that okay. I think it's like it's related to like the earlier question I was asking about. So it's best that you do research with people, you do research with um you in a group. Yeah, because number one is that it really gives you stay in power. So the other challenge of doing research with the group, especially when it is free, like um the history of like our research academic was that it started for free. And then we discover that like some people were holding some people back, which definitely because anything is free, you don't have anything to lose, right? And all that. So basically, to save out like the, you know, people that were doing these things for free or just based out of uh everybody's doing research, let me just do research, you know, and then we produce like a very small stipend to that. So now the thing is with a group, one, when one person really delays or slows people down, then like almost like for instance, if the person handling the research methodology section and you guys don't even really have a, so for instance, if you are using um you really have like a very good background on methodology, then the research is almost as good as done as gone, you know, so that's like the challenge, you know, yes people can do research individually. I know that I worked with someone who was really passionate about like what subject and yes, the person was so, so so so enthusiastic that yes, I know that like I really meet them but sometimes I do meet them and then like the person wanted to like, really, it was like the person who had the staying power to like do individual above it really all cause like I said, you know, and then was able to like, do it and I know that like we are almost like done with your thing, but it's way much easier to work as a group to function as a group because when somebody writes his rights introduction. The other person is writing methodology. The next person is writing results section, the next versus writing the discussion or conclusion section. So that's the way obvious things really go. And that really helps a lot that really is very important. It's really in scaling through like many of the research topics or, you know, many of the research, um many of the research Hodel's that people might face, you know, and then usually there's this group writing section where everybody really comes together, you know, you can put on your zoom camera or whatever it is and then, you know, do you're not talking but everybody's just really typing and that period, you know, that at least you are kind of, I don't want to use what forced to work on the research project. You have meetings, people can present what have they done? What have you done? You know, and then all that really help, you know, then somebody says, oh, I discovered this website, oh, this website helps build this one. Oh, I discover that, you know, I discovered this and all that and um maybe which, which really helps build, you know, this whole process and everything, you know, of like the research, um the research journey. So it's basically a journey and like they say, you can move fast individually, but you only go far by working with people. So I hope that helped with the question. So I think that's the last question. Here. Yes. Yes. Thank you very much for taking time to answer all the questions. Uh You've added value tours tonight and I'm really grateful that you accepted our invitation. Thank you so much, Doctor. Uh Oh, and now we've come to the end of the first webinar uh in the coming weeks would, like you said, research. What you do research in a group, you fly better. So we hope so. If you have not joined the interest group, please try to join today. Uh in the link, there's a link that you should have gotten when you first signed up for this program. And also when you, there's a feedback from, please try to feel the feedback from after this event or you can get a certificate and once you join us, well, we intend to also have discussions on our whatsapp group to just see how we can do stuff together as a group. So for instances, see uh someone was asking what can you do to publish fast because I know in all of us are applying, you know, in November form ideologies this year also know that some people are applying this year. So they can probably do things that will take a longer time. So they can aim to publish before November 2024. But for those applying this year, I'm sure we are looking for things that are case reports, case series literature review that you can get done and submitted to a paper by the ending of June or early July. So we need to uh, work together. So please, one way to work together is that you need to join the interest group. It's, it doesn't cost you anything or you need to do is just sign up on the link. And from there, we can have a chat, look at topics. So I also want to encourage us in the over this weekend to also look at uh journals. If you, you're signed up to the B M A, uh, you'd get the BMJ regularly and look at the topics that then this will give you ideas on what to, uh, to publish. And of course, whatever we're publishing, radiology might not even be something done in the UK, might be no African country, whether you're from Gambia, from Nigeria. But I was really event to imaging and radiology as a. Uh, thank you so much again for joining to on a Saturday evening. I really appreciate you guys. Uh This is it. Thank you. Have a wonderful weekend.