Computer generated transcript

Warning!
The following transcript was generated automatically from the content and has not been checked or corrected manually.

All right. So, hi guys, my name is Valen and I'm a third year medical student. Uh Today we're going to be going over psychiatry through the life course and psychosis uh just to check. Yeah. So, ok, let's get it going. So we're gonna first go through psychiatry through the life course. Um And the three key things we're going to go through today is AD HD dementia and delirium. So, yeah, so, uh we'll start off with the key symptoms. And so what adhd stands for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and the symptoms are basically inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity and, oh, sorry. And we use the DSM five criteria to see whether to diagnose whether someone has AD HD. So that is if they're present for, if the symptoms are present for six months and if they're not developing at the right level, uh as the rest of their peers, um, and if a lot of the symptoms present before the age of 12, uh and if they present in two or more settings and there is no other mental disorder which could explain the symptoms of AD HD, then you would give the diagnosis as AD HD in terms of some risk factors uh in like genetic risk factors. Um There's no one specific gene which causes AD HD. There's likely to be multiple genes uh which could cause AD HD. But if you, if we use like twin studies, for example, uh it shows that AD HD is a heritable disease with 76% of twins both having AD HD. Uh it's also known that um the first degree relatives of Children with AD HD have an AD HD diagnostic probability of 4 to 5 times higher than the general population. And boys are more vulnerable to AD HD than girls with a ratio of around 2 to 1 to 3 to 1. And in terms of the subtypes of AD HD. Uh so as I said, the symptoms were in intensive or hyperactive. So generally around 20 to 30% of uh people with AD HD are in offensive, 15% are hyperactive and 50 to 75% have a mixture of both. Some of the risk factors. Environmentally for AD HD can be premature birth, low birth weight and prenatal smoking exposure. So that's basically all you really need to know about AD HD uh moving on to dementia. So, dementia is basically a degenerative disease of the brain. Um it's irreversible and it's a progressive change. So it just gradually gets worse. That's what it means. Uh it will impair the cognitive and behavioral um aspects of someone and it affects a person's social and occupational function. TSA. And there's four types of dementia which we're going to cover today. So there's Alzheimer's Fonto temporal dementia with Lewy bodies and vascular dementia. There are some reversible causes of dementia. Um but most of them are some of the reversible causes that it might be helpful for you to know is for example, like normal something called normal pressure hydrocephalus uh which helps. Uh yeah. Uh intracranial tumors, maybe sub hematomas, depression. Uh And there's more, but there's not too, you don't need to know too much about that now. Um Yeah, so yeah, uh you can see the slides after if you want to go over these things as well. Um So yeah, as I said, normal pressure hydrocephalus is when you have dilated ventricles. Uh and this could cause cognitive impairment, urinary, frequence, urinary frequency and gait disturbance. Um So yeah, so as I said, there's four types of dementia and Alzheimer's fit temporal dementia with Lewy bodies and vascular dementia. So Alzheimer's basically is um kind of like the most common cause of dementia. So it's memory loss, uh reduced social occupational functioning, speech, motor deficits, personality change if you have behavioral and psychological disturbance. Uh then the next one is Fonto temporal. So it's basically impulsive and inappropriate behavior. Uh Yeah, you have a personality change and you have labile, labile behavior. Does anyone know what that means? Mhm OK. So just means like uh when you have fluctuating emotions, like unstable, unstable emotions, dementia with Lewy bodies is when you have visual hallucinations, fluctuating, fluctuating cognition and sleep behavior disorder. Uh These are pretty much and vascular dementia is um so it's like after having a stroke, you could have vascular dementia like the symptoms of that afterwards. Uh It's usually paired with cardiovascular risk factors and uh cognitive and functional aspects decline a stepwise matter. So to try and differentiate between all four of them, Alzheimer's is usually like uh cla I would say like a classic history of dementia with like memory loss. Um just uh not being able to function function socially, er more free most deficits, frontal temples, fluctuating behaviors, er dementia of new bodies will have hallucinations and vascular dementia is usually paired with a cardiovascular history. So these, you uh you can differentiate which one is which by those four things. So a bit more on the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. So, Alzheimer's comes from amyloid plaques uh which are deposited in the brain. Uh And obviously that um starts to cause the symptoms of Alzheimer's for, for neurofibrillary tangles as well. Um All these things, they just uh like they turn up in the brain and they, they cause um these symptoms that happen. And number three is neuronal loss. So the neurons in the brain are damaged, the cholinergic neurons uh decreases the transmission between neurons and obviously decreases the function of the brain in general, which then is what causes the symptoms. Um, in terms of pathophysiology. Yeah, you can just memorize, uh, these ones. Uh, you just need to memorize. Essentially it's amyloid plaques, neo fibrillation angles and neuronal loss. Um So, yeah.