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Yeah, I think we started. So, hi, everyone today we'll be covering the second half the neuro topics. It is quite a hefty session. So I will assign a break throughout the talk. But our first lecturer is here and he'll take us through the first half of the topic. So I'd like to hand it over to him. Ok. So, hey guys, my name is Annie Ruth. I'm a third year medical student. Um Today I'll be delivering a crash course on the second part of neurology. So the sun for nervous system, peripheral and uh neurological disorders. Um Here are just my contact details if you guys want and in terms of content, what I'll be covering is I'll just be going over the general structure of um the nervous system. So ultimately cover covering both the central and peripheral nervous system, also the anatomy and function of the autonomic nervous system, which I'll get on to later in the lecture, just highlighting the key differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve systems and finally just some like case based questions throughout the crash course, I'll just summarize the pathophysiology of the nerve systems. Um So the lecture timeline just like breaking down what I'll be going through the different aspects. So, right, the nervous system is essentially just a complex system of nerve cells and tissues that help the body respond and communicate um uh with other parts of the body, uh dealing with stimuli and it can be split into the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. So the central nervous system, as you can see on the slide is made up of the brain and the spinal cord. Um And if we were to just talk about them individually, the brain acts as you can say, the main control center uh making high order decisions. And then we have the spinal cord, which you could say acts as a communication pathway uh sending messages between the brain and the rest of the body. Um If you guys have covered the reflex arc, you'll know the spinal cord is really essential for that because it just carries out automatic actions. And then on the peripheral nervous system, um we have nerves, both cranial and spinal and ganglia, which if you guys don't know, I'll go over into more detail in the second half of the lecture. But for now, I'd say just think of them as a collection of nerve cell bodies. And both of these are found outside the CNS to form the peripheral nerve system. And these are just two images that will help you distinguish what the CMS is. Um Compared to the PNS. Now we've talked about the central nervous system and focusing more on the brain, it contains the forebrain, the midbrain and the hindbrain. So in terms of these regions, right, they're essentially evolutionary stages. So before we were born, the brain sort of derived from a structure called the neural tube during embryonic development, which eventually differentiates into these three major divisions. And if we talk about where each of these comes from, so with the forebrain, you'll have structures like the cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, it's essentially the largest part of the brain and the midbrain is more central. You'd like see us more for relay between motor and sensory like signals. It contains like the superior colliculi. So for like visual processing and then we have auditory processing and just structures related to dopamine release. So if you think about key disorders such as like Parkinson's disease will affect the midbrain, which is why dopamine release is also affected. And then finally, we have the hi the hind brain. So that's just it contains stuff like the medulla, oblongata, pons, cerebellum. So you can see just from the structures, it contains, it's key for like basic life support. So like heart rate, breathing control and this view of the brain that I've brought up here, this image is a mid sagittal view. So essentially a view cut along the sagittal plane, you can see the right and left hemispheres. Um And here this is the cerebral hemisphere and then these two, 23 and four, we have the midbrain pons and the medulla. And this is collectively called the brainstem. And here, obviously, this is the spinal cord, this is the cerebellum and we have the hypothalamus. So the hypothalamus is important for like homeostasis, just general regulation. And the thalamus you would know is more sensory and motor control. But there's other parts around the thalamus that share a similar function. So it's not that each individual brain part has like on can only carry out that function is often you see that with the brain functions are shared between other parts and these are all collectively called the diencephalon. And along with the thalamus and the hypothalamus, it contain stuff like that epithalamus important for the sleep wake cycle and the subthalamus for motor control. So they all sort of have their different life functions within the diencephalon. Um And yeah, I guess we already talked about the significance of these embryological divisions. So let's move on to the lobes of the brain. Um Before we sort of uh go forward, can anyone just name the four main lobes of the brain according to the numbers? Just put them in the chart. Um I'm sure Alicia could just let me know if anyone said anything, I'll give you guys a minute. So OK, if you guys don't know, just have a good someone said one frontal, two parietal, three occipital and four temporal. Yeah, perfect. So one is the frontal lobe, like the person said, two parietal, three occipital and four temporal. Now let's go over the functions of these lobes. I'd say pay attention to this because this actually came up in our sort of um first year exams where they just essentially asked us to label the lobes and talk about their functions. So as simple as it sounds, it's just stuff you need to know uh with the frontal lobes. So regulating and initiating motor function. So whether it be coordinating um drinking a cup of coffee or filling up your water bottle, just syncing all your coordinated movements and then language. So this is interesting because this is specifically for the left hemisphere. So we know the frontal lobe in the left hemisphere contains brokers areas. So that's important for language production and speech articulation. So this is especially true for the left hemisphere of the frontal lobe. And then we have cognitive functions which involve executive functions such as planning or decision making. And then we have attention and memory. And if we move on to the parietal lobe, we have sensation which includes touch and pain, sensory aspects of language. So that's important for interpreting language. So with the frontal lobe, we talked about language production. In this case, it'd be just interpreting it and um spatial orientation, just ability to understand your position and movement of your body in time and space in relation to your surroundings. And finally, we have self perception. So just based on what it says itself, just refers to how we see ourselves, whether you parents personality anything. And with a temporal lobe, it's important in processing auditory information. But once again, in the left hemisphere, it also contains Wernicke's area which opposed to broker's area where, where I said it's important for language production. This part is important for the comprehension of language. And finally, we have the occipital lobe which is important in processing visual stimuli and the key structures that separate the lobes. If you can see where my cursor is like between the yellow and green area, frontal lobe and parietal lobe, we have the central sulcus and then here's the lateral fissure. There are some of the key structures you gotta know when it comes to dividing the brain into their lobes. But we'll get onto more de uh we'll get onto that in more detail later. Um Now, with the limbic lobe, um this contains many structures. So these structures are the amygdala. So that's important in emotion regulation. The hippocampus once again, important in memory, just general navigation, the mammillary body and the cingulate gyrus. So if you see this image here here, it shows the cingulate cortex, the cingulate gyrus is just this front part of the ridge here. If you can see my cursor is important for cognitive control and attention. And if we're talking about the functions of the limbic lobe in general it's important for learning, memory, emotion, motivation and reward. And I know in your lectures in the slides, I had a similar picture to the one shown on the right here. Now, with this view, um we can't see some parts of the limbic lobe because they're deep inside the temporal lobe. But it shows you just generally what the shape and orientation is like now moving on to the insular cortex. So this is located deep with the.