Join us for an informative on-demand teaching session on Urology. The course, beneficial for medical professionals, will be led by Alex and Joshua. It will provide a comprehensive guide on the genitourinary system, starting from dissecting the macro anatomy, delving deeper into roles and structures like the renal cortex, renal medulla, renal hilum, blood supply, glomeruli, urinary bladder, endocrine aspects of kidney function, and more. Gain unique one-on-one feedback, and the ability to ask questions during and after the session for enhanced learning. This essential guide will walk attendees through the intricacies of the urinary system and its physiology, clinical relevance, and kidney function tests. Don't miss out on this opportunity to enhance your knowledge. Register now!
By the end of this session, learners should be able to understand and explain the macro and microanatomy of the genitourinary system, including the structure and function of the kidney, bladder, and associated structures.
Learners should be able to describe the functional role of the kidney in endocrine activity and urine production, including hormone production and regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance.
Learners should be able to detail the complex network of blood vessels within the renal system, explaining the filtration process and the role of afferent and efferent arterioles, glomerular capillaries, and peritubular capillaries.
Learners will gain detailed insight into the nephron structure, including the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct, explaining how these components contribute to reabsorption of most nutrients.
Finally, learners should be able to distinguish between and describe the function of the different types of nephrons based on the structure of the loop of Henle, particularly the role of superficial and juxta medullary nephrons.
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The following transcript was generated automatically from the content and has not been checked or corrected manually.
I think we'll just make a start. Now. Um We usually have a bit more people than this, but I think people will join as you start. So it's fine. Um So, you know, today is our urology course, we've got Alex doing the first two lectures and then we'll have Joshua doing the next two and we should be sort of done by 530 if you have any questions at all, literally just put it in the chat box, you will be sent our emails like the lectures, emails are my emails if you have any questions after or during. Um and you can unmute yourself as well if you ever have a question. Uh Please try your best to interact because it will be really helpful for you as well and you get, you know, one on one feedback which you won't really get usually. So try to make the most of this. But yeah, great. I'll give it to you, Alex. Thank you. Um So, II am Alex? I'm doing the first half of this uh urology tutorial for Med Ed and starting off with the genitourinary system as a whole. So my part will consist of we'll talk about the macro anatomy. So what you'd see under dissection, the function of the genitourinary system, the physiology and then the more clinical relevance and um kidney function tests. So to start off with macro anatomy, when you cut open a kidney, this is what you'll see. And um first off the outermost layer is called the renal cortex, which is a soft granular tissue and contains the glomeruli bones capsule and convoluted tubule. And parts of the renal cortex extend into the medulla forming these um renal columns between the medullary pyramids. Um And then the, the layer inside is called the renal medulla, which is a striated appearance due to the presence of the nephrons, more specifically the loops of Henle and collecting ducts. And each kidney contains roughly 8 to 18 pyramids. These um medulla drain into the minor calluses which in turn, drain into the major calluses and then finally merge to form the renal um pelvis, which is the start of the ureter that goes down to the bladder and carries urine. The renal artery and vein are the blood supply to the kidneys. So, the renal artery obviously supplies the kidney with blood and that includes for uh filtration. Um and the vein drains the kidney. And finally, the renal hilum is just the area on the medial concave border of the kidney where everything enters and exits the kidney. So more microanatomy a bit further down. Um You have the urinary bladder. Um and part of the urinary bladder is the detrusor muscle which contracts to initiate urination or micturition. Um The trigone is a triangular structure near the base of the bladder and stretching of this structure indicates that the bladder is full and that initiates the micturition reflex. Each um system has two sphincters. The internal sphincter is innervated by the autonomic nervous system and provides subconscious control of the mic micturition reflex and the external sphincter is under somatic nervous control. And this provides conscious control of the micturition reflex. And in terms of male, female differences in males, you also have the prostate which is involved in semen production and sensation during sexual intercourse and the bulb bulbourethral gland, which produces a thick lubricant which is added to watery semen to promote sperm survival. So, what is the function of the kidney? Well, the kidney has two major functions. One being endocrine and one being urine production. The endocrine aspect of kidney function involves the production of erythropoetin, which you'll have heard about in hematology in pom. And that enzyme sorry, the hormone stimulates new erythrocyte production, the renin, um which you may have heard of in endocrinology and that regulates BP and calcitriol also in endocrinology, which is involved in calcium homeostasis and as for its urine and function, this involves regulating the fluid balance, the sodium and electrolyte balance and the acid base balance of the body. So, we mentioned the blood supply coming from the renal artery earlier and the kidneys have quite a complex network of blood vessels. And this diagram shows a similarity between the names of the arteries and veins. So first we have the arterial supply. So, renal arteries, segmental interlobar, arcuate and interlobular arteries. And then they divide into the capillaries. And the renal system is specific in that it helps in obviously blood filtration. So it has a few extra um blood vessels between the arteries and veins. The afferent and efferent arterioles. The glomerular capillaries and the peritubular capillaries which are involved in reabsorption. And then finally, the veins which drain the kidney, the interlobular arcuate interlobar and renal vein. So, zooming in a bit more into the microanatomy. This is what you'll see under microscopy. First, you have the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, which are involved in the free and ultra filtration of blood. Next, in the nephron is the proximal convoluted tubule, which is rich in mitochondria. Since it's involved in the selective reabsorption of most nutrients, you then have the loop of Henle, which we'll talk about more later. The distal convoluted tubule is also rich in mitochondria and is involved primarily with the reabsorption of water and salt. And then finally, the collecting duct, which is made up of two different cell types. The principal cells which are um which have very few mitochondria. The intercalated cells are rich in mitochondria and the collecting ducts are involved with water reabsorption. So more about the loop of Henle. The loop of Henle primarily involved again with water, sodium and chloride reabsorption. So the loop of Henle is divided into three sections. The descending loop of Henle involves the passive reabsorption of water by osmosis. And so has a low density of mitochondria in the cells. The thin ascending loop of Henle is involved with the passive reabsorption of sodium and chloride. So it has a low density of mitochondria. And then finally, the thick ascending loop of Henle is involved in the active reabsorption of sodium and chloride. And so is very dense in mitochondria. And there are two classifications of nephrons based on the structure of the loop of Henle. If the loop of Henle projects into the outer medulla, only, the nephron is known as a superficial nephron and this is the majority of them just over 90%. And a juxta medullary nephron is one in which the loop of Henle projects deeper into the inner medulla.
