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Hello, everyone. Thank you for joining us today. Uh My name's Luke. I'm one of the education directors at CTA. Um, and this week we're focusing on ophthalmology and we're excited to have you with us today. I'm joined by Paul, um, who will guide you through today's topic of red eye. Paul is a third year medical student from the university of work to make these sessions as engaging as possible. We'll be releasing calls throughout these are completely anonymous. So we encourage you to participate actively. Um If you have any questions during the session, please put them in the chat and we'll do our best to address them at the end of the session. We'll share a feedback form. If you complete this, you'll receive a certificate of attendance and exclusive discount codes for teaching me surgery and past the MRC S. Additionally, this session is being recorded. Um, the recording and slides will be shared on our meal page a couple of hours after the session. So be sure to keep an eye out for that. Uh We're also excited to share that an exclusive question bank and other resources will be made available on our learning portal. So be sure to check out our website for access. Er, if you create a free membership account with us, you'll automatically receive a discount code for 10% off the geeky medics, anatomy flash cards, surgery, flash cards and knowledge bundle. We also have an exciting opportunity for all of our attendees. Two lucky people will win free access to the geeky medics surgical flashcards and the geeky medics OSC stations to enter simply complete the Google form at the end of the session and enter the unique code that we'll provide the more sessions you attend the higher your chances of winning. So be sure to stay until the end of today's session and attend as many of our other sessions as well. And finally, before we begin, uh we just like to thank our partners Gki medics, the MDU more than skin deep meddled teaching surgery and pass the MRC S. So without further ado, I will hand you over to Paul. Cheers. Thanks Luke. Um Hi everyone as Luke said, my name's Paul. As you can probably hear, I'm a bit sick at the moment. Um I'm on Peed, so I think I've caught it from one of them. Um, but I'm gonna try my best to push do and uh make as engaged as possible even though I don't feel very well. Um So today, uh I'm gonna do a session on ophthalmology, specifically presentations of red eye and um the way, oh and be well before I was uh before I was a medical student, as w as Luke said, um third year of war before I was a medical student, I was a teacher, um chemistry teacher. So hopefully it won't be terrible. Um But what I like to do, I've done a fair amount of pain teacher in the past for medicine. Um So rather go through loads of granular level detail, you know, stuff that you can get from more reliable sources. Um I want to teach like frameworks and approaches to understanding presentations. So that's what I'm gonna focus on how to compart compartmentalize elements of the eye, eye anatomy, eye presentations so that you can navigate conditions a little bit more easily. Um So yeah, so that'll be the general approach. So we'll start with some anatomy because the eye is quite a nice little anatomical unit. Um And you can divide conditions based on which anatomical structures they affect. So that's a nice way to think about eye pathology and then we can talk about um different presentations that you might get alongside a red eye. Um which so uh first thing is um this is the eye and er there's the first thing to understand is that there's anatomical divisions. So we can break this quite complex, intricate structure up into some broad regions and try and, and then we, as we, you know, get exposed to different pathologies, we meet different pa patients with these pathologies, we read, we read about these different pathologies, you can put them roughly into the compartment. Um the division that they affect. Um So the four, the four divisions, there's, I mean, two of them are formal, you know, proper anatomical ones. And then the other two I think are just sort of made up. But um we've got the external line, the anterior segment, the posterior segment and then the orbit which is all the surrounding structures. So um yeah. So the anterior segment and the posterior segment, they're for more anatomical er divisions of the eye, they're not to be confused with the anterior and the posterior chamber which are further divisions of the anterior segment. So the anterior segments broken down confusingly into the anterior posterior se but yeah. So when you, when you, you know, when a patient presents with a red eye or any eye pathology, you can start to think about which, where, where is this pathology here? Where am I focusing on, you know, the external eye? You've got things like the eyelids. So you might look at pathologies like a Kaon or a, a sty or it might be a palsy of the um of the Acular oculi, you know, cranial nerve seven. So that the the muscle that controls the movement of the eyelid and also smaller muscles that control movement of the eyelid, like the levator pupillary sialis, things like this. So you've got the extern line um and then you've got the anterior segment. Now, the anterior segment is one of the main focuses of today. You're gonna have a la big look at like a deep dive into the anterior segment because there's lots of pathologies that are associated with it. There's lots of pathologies that are associated with it that can cause a red eye. And it's quite an intricate piece of anatomy, you know, it's quite detailed. So this will be where mainly where our focus is anatomically. Um So you think you've got things like um you know, acute angle gla glaucoma, we're gonna have a look at anterior uveitis. Uh Then you've got the posterior segment. So, you know, the most well known and part of the posterior segment is probably the retina. So, um we have got a little bit of retinal pathology in there. But then when you, you know, talking about pathologies that affect the retina, the presentation would more be like something that's affecting vision. Um And then you've got, so that's the posterior segment, we'll go into it a little bit more detail and then you've got the surrounding structures. So you've got this orbital fat that you can see. You've got cranium N two, you've got all the bones that make up the orbit. Um You've got the extraocular muscles. So the muscles that are innervated by cranial nerves, D four and six that control the movement of the eye. That's all we think about as like extraocular things. So orbital things. So as you go through pathologies related to the eye, it's nice to think about, you know, which, where, where am I and how worried should I be based on where the pathology is affecting, generally speaking, you know, pathologies, they affect the external eye affect the eyelid. Um Things like Kazon or AY are less concerning the things that might, than things that might affect the posterior segments. So things that are affecting the retina um and things that are affecting the orbit as well because they can compress the optic nerve. Um So yeah, so it's a nice way to start thinking about where pathology. It's a nice way to structure pathologies in your mind. So yeah, just some things that in each one. So there's a type already er eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva, which is this layer here. Um It actually doesn't go over the lens. Um But we'll talk about that later, er lacri apparatus, um et cetera, et cetera. And you've got the muscles that control the shape of the eye, Abili musculi, pupil, be perio anterior segment, there's loads going on in the anterior segment. So we'll talk about all of that. We'll show it, show it a little bit more detail, cos that's probably the most complicated part anatomically. Um So, as I said, anterior segment confusingly is divided into the anterior chamber and the posterior chamber. Um So don't confuse those with the anterior posterior segments, Iris pupil lens and then you've got the um the the structures that control the flow of aqueous humor. Um So we'll talk about those as well. Posterior segment, vitreous body retina, obviously, very important parts of the retina, including the macular fer um optic disc op er optic nerve, um the choroid and the sclera, I'll go through those parts as well. Um And then you've got the orbit. So orbital bones that are like the housing the case that the eye sits in um orbital fat, extraocular muscles that we spoke about. Lacrimal gland optic nerve, obviously, it's still going through this uh orbit as well. So good. So, yeah, so as we go through things, we're main, as I said, mainly interested in the arterial segment. Um but we'll talk about about that as well. So the the eyeball itself. So we're just talking about eyeball itself before we focus in on the anterior segment, you can think of the eyeball as a layered structure. Er And there's three layers to it, three main layers. So most superficial you have the sclera um which is sort of your, your fibrous case of the eyeball. OK. So it holds everything in, in, in, in the correct shape um and supports everything and protects everything. So this is your sclera. Um and there's only really two parts to the sclera, you've got the opaque part which goes around the, you know, all the way around the back of the eye and this is the sclera that you can see here. Um And then you've got, it, it goes transparent there. You've got the, you got the cornea just here. So that's the outermost layer. Um Obviously, it's for collecting light and for some protection and structure. And then if you look here, you've got the, what's labeled as the choroid here. This is your vascular network. OK. So it's called the UVEA. The entire network is called the UVEA. Um What it is is the, is the choroid, which is this vascular network around the posterior and lateral aspect of the eye. And then that, that turns into the ciliary body, which is here, we'll talk a fair bit about the ciliary body. Um and then into um the, the iris. OK. So that's your, you collectively, it's called the UVEA choroid ciliary body and Iris choroid ciliary body.