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Hi guys. Sorry, my name is Mohammed. I'm going to be giving the lecture on behalf of Su today. Sorry, Bianca. She's part of the committee for, I think her internet sort of is not working at the moment. So we're just having some technical difficulties. So we'll, I think we'll start in a couple of minutes but if you could just um bear with us just for a second. Ok. Yeah. Um she'll message on the chat what she wants to say. I'll just uh start now just so we save on time. So, yeah, uh my name is Mohammed. I'm 1/4 year medical student at the University of Leicester. Um I'm gonna be giving a lecture on lower limb anatomy and a couple of uh clinical topics we can cover if we have time. Um So uh yeah, so these are our partners for today. Um And I think we should be good to go. So, yeah, so I'm going to be covering a lot in this lecture here are those sort of learning objectives. So, um basically this is gonna be like a whistle stop tour through, you know, the entire low limb anatomy from the hip all the way down to the foot. Um, I've tried to make it as concise as I can as relevant as I can, but, uh, obviously I won't be able to cover everything. Um, and there are some clinical sort of topics I would like to cover as well. Uh, and maybe go into a bit of the surgical side of things if we have time. So to start off with, we're gonna sort of talk about the hip bone. So you guys should already know what makes up the hip bone. You've got the ileum is and pubis, right? So the ileum is basically the largest part of the pelvic girdle. It's wing shaped and it has two surfaces called, you know, you can call it the external or gluteal surface. Um And you've got the internal uh surface or the iliacal surface and essentially this bone has important landmarks for Mussels. Uh You should probably already know these. Um And we will uh sort of cover the landmarks first and then we'll go into moss, uh and the other structures as well surrounding it. So, like I said, it's uh the largest bone, it's located more super superiorly to the rest of the bones. So you should probably just remember that, you know, it's the largest bone, it's located superiorly and you've got the wing of ilium, which if you can see my mouse, I'm sort of uh hovering around the main portion of it. And then the lower portion of it, which is what connects with the hip and joint socket, the hip joint socket um is the body of the ileum. And it ob obviously also makes part of the acetabulum. We'll get into what the acetabulum is, is basically a cup like socket. Um Yeah. And uh obviously, yeah, we've got the external surface and the internal surface um which will cover shortly with the muscles. So, uh I wanted to sort of make this a bit more interactive as much as I can. We'll have some pole questions as well. But, um, I want you to sort of take the moment to sort of guess or tell me, you know what each arrow is pointing towards just in your head. Um, just sort of say, what do you think each one is, we'll go through it one by one. So to start off with, you have the iliac crest. So the iliac crest sort of is at the apex of the ilium. It's a sort of a roundish, um, superior border and at the very ends of this uh crest, you've got the, uh next important landmarks. But before that here, you've got the sacroiliac joint. If you're able to tell this is the sacrum, it's the ileum in between it, the sacroiliac joints, um, something that, you know, not many sort of people like bothered to remember, but, uh, it, it's obviously there and, uh, you've got the anti superior iliac spine So at the very end of the iliac crest, if you're looking at this, from the anterior view, you can see the anterior superior iliac spine. And if there's a anterior portion, there's obviously an posterior portion, if there's a superior portion, there's obviously an inferior portion. So it's sort of in the name, this is the iliac fossa. So the internal surface that we mentioned earlier and by internal, we mean um sort of not facing the buttocks, it's more internal in that it's uh facing the internal organs. So you can remember it like that and it's a fossa because it's concave in its shape. And you can sort of see it in this, in this uh drawing the other side of the external surface is convex in its shape. So you can then sort of appreciate what a 3d image of the pit bone kind of looks like. Um So you've got the gluteal surface as well that we already mentioned. So that, that's the uh origin for all of the gluteal muscles, which we'll cover shortly, the acetabulum, which we've already mentioned, we'll go into a bit more detail in a bit, the acetabulum labrum, which makes up part of the socket in that it deepens it. And we'll also talk a bit about that. But essentially, it's just the fibrocartilage that you get within that hip uh joint, that cut socket. And you can sort of see it there. It's like an incomplete c so that's the labrum. And this entire thing is obviously the acetabulum or the socket, you've got the ASIS, which is the, again another view of the anterior superior iliac spine. So I think it's important when you're looking at the hip bone that you sort of see both anterior lateral and even posterior. Because when you sort of try to picture in your brain or even just in front of you, usually you won't be able to because actually you either haven't seen it before in person or you just can't because of how irregular it looks. But once you see the different views, you can piece together what goes where. So just think of the names as well, they help you a lot. So crest ilium somewhere along the super and then you've got the sacro iliac. So sacrum and ileum. So things like that and obviously the anterior inferior iliac spine, which is sort of in relation to the superior in that it's just right below it. And these sort of have important um in terms of these notches here, uh in that, this is obviously the greatest sciatic sciatic notch, uh you also have the lesser sciatic notch, we'll sort of look into what that sort of means and what the relevance is in a moment. So before we do that, the issue is the, the um sorry posterior inferior portion of the pelvic girdle. So that means it's sitting closer to the buttocks below all the other bones here. So it's the lowest portion, it's also the furthest back. And essentially the main portion you should know is the issue of body, the ischial tuberosity and is spine, which we'll talk about in a moment. Um the iliac spine, uh which you can really see at the moment, but that sits poster immediately to this bone to this body. Sorry. So what that means is it sort of sits behind and more medially uh to the rest of the issue. And then the issue to poo is more is more poster infrared to the body itself. So that means more lower down. So we'll we'll sort of see that in a moment. So here, like I was sort of alluding to it's postural and medial because it's pointing away since this is the lateral view to the issue body, which is this portion right here. And then the obturator foreman um basically the importance of the operative foreman in that it has in real life, a membrane covering it. And then it has the obturator internus externus muscles which originate from this the membrane or the foreman itself. Um And we'll see that later on the ischial tuberosity, like I mentioned, it's more inferior compared to the ischial spine, which is more sort of posteromedial and it's also posterior to the rest of the body, the issue body. So try to visualize that in your head. Always try to like remember the position that