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So um I'm poor you again, if you, if it's the first time you guys are coming to this today's series and nice to meet you guys, but we're gonna go through the G anatomy and Radiology for today. So firstly, our disclaimer again, um do not use this as the primary source for your revision. So this is made to facilitate your revision is paid by us for you guys. Um But we've tried to highlight the most important information and I'll emphasize on those of stuff. So you guys will understand what is more likely to come up in your exams, er But absolutely feel free to um go and memorize a lot more if you've got the time and it's always good to do. So. Um So for today, these are our objectives. We're gonna talk about the adrenal glands. We're gonna talk about the arterial supply, uh venous drainage specific. And we're also gonna talk about um uh the kidneys, same, there are features, arterial supply, venous drainage. We're also gonna talk about the ureter bladder, their innervation. Uh We're also gonna talk about the posterior abdominal wall. So the muscles there like, so as major we'll also talk about the a aorta inferior vena cava, their main branches and the path they take will also talk about the pelvis, the bones, there are the important landmarks and we'll also talk about the pelvic floor, the muscles, the major arteries, nerves. Um and also we'll try to talk about the rectum. Um and also the two triangles that are associated there, the urogenital and anal triangles. And we talk about the perineal body and there sits between those two triangles. And we'll also discuss um the abdominal wall, the boundaries of it. Um We'll talk about the inguinal canal, how it becomes a um a spermatic cord er in males, we'll also talk about um the anatomy of penis, their innervation um alongside other pelvic organs and also female um anatomy as well. So, um firstly, let's start by adrenal glands. Um So there are two quite small glands that sit above your kidneys. I've got two of them and there are three arteries that supply them and they're quite important and you need to know where they originate from as well. So the superior adrenal artery is gonna be the one that is most superior. It comes from an artery that's called inferior phrenic artery. So, phrenic, if you remember, phrenic nerve, it this artery is doing the same thing. It's supplying the diaphragm. So this one is a superior artery that is uh supplying the uh adrenal glands. Sometimes you hear them as suprarenal glands as well, which are the same thing you have the middle renal adrenal artery, which comes from the level of T 12. So that's a common exam question, you know it. And, uh, it supplies adrenal glands and we've got one lower down that branches from the renal artery. So essentially, it branches around L1 where our renal artery originates from. Um, so again, these ones that I've highlighted are more important and this is the theme throughout uh the talk. But again, you need to know all of these ones specifically, these are quite basics. So, um if you talk about um the kidneys as well, we we need to understand the basic anatomy. So the fact that we've got the medullar pelvis and cortex, the cortex is just gonna be the side here, medulla and pelvis. So you need to know how do we get to the pelvis while the drainage of our loop system that goes to the minor calices, major calices and then it goes to the pelvis. Um and essentially around the same area where your renal artery and renal veins come in and go out from. So, um essentially, you need to know that kidneys are extra and retroperitoneal as well. So, um essentially, it means that they're back of the peritoneum. And essentially, we don't count them in the peritoneal cavity cavity. That's why we call them these two. And um we've got them kind of like uh ureters as well. That come out of the kidneys and the ureters go essentially anterior to so major. So that's again a landmark to know and it goes to the bladder. So, I bladder is quite important. Um, these ureters essentially drain into the bladder. There's gonna be sphincter there where they drain and they drainin posteriorly and inferiorly to our um, bladder and at the bladder, at the base of it, you can see the triangle shape here, which you call the trigone. And um, you've had, you have other stuff here as well. So, er, we call these falls rugae. So they're quite important. We see them in the stomach as well. So, Rugae, we have them in the stomach as well. Can anyone tell me what is the function of the rugae? So why do we have them? Why do we need them in bladder? Mhm. Anyone knows, why do we have the Ruga? So, in basic terms, what does he do? Why couldn't we just have it straight? No falls? Do you think is the bladder volume always gonna be the same or does it change? No ideas? Absolutely fine guys. So the reason for that is rugae are those falls when you essentially have accumulated more fluid there, it allows you to expand. So those ruga can actually expand, those falls become straight and you expand. The reason for it is we don't always need to have a very expanded, large um bladder. So another very key exam um thing that you need to know is the innovation. So, um you need to understand urination or sometimes they called micturation. Does it happen via parasympathetic nervous signals or sympathetic nervous s signals? Which one do you guys think? So, you've got a 5050 chance of getting it, right. Anyway, so, absolutely. Go ahead with this. Any ideas? Anyone has any ideas? Ok, guys. Absolutely fine. So it's parasympathetic nervous system. Um So, parasympathetic nervous system is what um initiates that response. So you've got your di trossa muscles um in your bladder. So, your parasympathetic nervous system is gonna cause a contraction of your ditrosol muscles, but it's gonna cause the relaxation of your sphincter and that's gonna allow you to urinate sympathetic is gonna do exactly opposite. So now let's look at some exam questions so they could ask things like these. They really like asking landmarks no matter what medical school you are at. They, they love asking these types of questions. So which one of the following arteries arises from above L1? So we are looking for something that's above L1. So it's superior to it. Is it the renal artery, inferior adrenal artery, superior adrenal artery or inferior mesenteric artery? Any ideas? Anyone? No. Can you guys hear me? OK. Just to double check to see if it is all. Ok? Any ideas what it could be? So, think of it as we're looking at something that is above. Thanks. Uh Thanks for confirming that. But yeah, brilliant. So let's think, let's think about it together. So if we're looking at something that is above L1, so our landmark in L1, what do you think it would be? It's our renal artery. So firstly, we know that and we can narrow down. It's not option A, we are also looking for something that's superior. So to me, it's tempting to go for C and C is the right answer. Um But also let's think about why. So inferior adrenal artery is below one. because L1 is a middle and inferior mesentary artery is gonna be at L3 level uh which is another landmark you need to know. So the one that is above which you can see is closer to your diaphragm is gonna be um your, your superior adrenal artery. So let's look at another question. So uh this is not in the Sheffield anatomy handbook, by the way, but I think it's quite important because um you might see questions around these stuff. So you need, you need to know about these important organs, er like kidney, what vertebral level do they correspond to? Is it T 12 to L3? Is it T 10 to L1? Is it L1 to L4 or is it T 10 to L2? So it's a little bit harder question. I try to visualize