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Oh, everyone on welcome to this complete and up in the video on the cranial foraminal. So in this video, we're going to go through all of the prominent on the structure that pulse here them, as well as go over some tips on how to identify on memorize some of these structures. But before we begin, I'll make sure that you've got your own devices ready and that you are seeing this screen using the code that you've been provided with. This just makes it easier for you guys to follow along and get the most out of this video. Okay, so let's begin with some orientation towards the top of your screen. You have the anterior aspect of this model on towards the bottom is people sphere aspect A further notes on orientation is this picture on the left, um which has the anterior middle on first year cranial Fosa. And these correspond on the model with, um, this structure here, the interior carina pasta, middle cranial pasta on post here, crying off. Also on these are just going to be important later on, when we go over some things and help to memorize which structures pause through which prominent So as you can see here, we've got the school base, which is empty, and now we're just going to go through the forearm and of one by one and visualize them in this three d model. So starting off the curb perform plate of the east. More bone as the names adjust is part of the multiple here, so we're going to zoom. I visualize it slightly better and appreciate the three D structure of it. And now we're going to move on to the optic. And now some tips on how to identify the optic canals and some of the subsequent Promina is to look for land. Marks or structures are familiar to you and that you can identify on, Let's say, a cadaver, right? So one of those could be these structures here, left and right that I've highlighted and think either the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone. And they're quite easy and distinct to identify on the cadaver so you can use those as long marks to find, to be off the canals, which are just immediately next time right here. So now we're going to want to be superior. Orbital Fisher on we're going to zoom in and angle or models of it can appreciate the size and shape of recently or or little fissure on again, as with the optic analogic and use the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone to identify them on locate thumb. And then we are going to move on to our for him and refund. Um, which is the last one here we're going to do is to see it better. So now, in terms of Ron Marks, you can use the body of the sphenoid, which I will highlight now two oranges, yourselves aunts locate before any refund them. If you're ever asked in an example example. And now we're going to move on to our Freeman over on me, which is this one here. And, uh, please address the shape is over. So been to tilt the model just appreciate the shape and size immediately next to it would have this framing, which is for him, a Spinoza that's not labeled on the black ground. But you can see it right here and again. Just try to remember that there is a reciprocal fright. Bremen on the other side as well, so left and right. Moving what? We're going to go to our curl the canal, which is difficult to see from this angle, as it would be almost to be images like the ones on the left. So we're going to do in, on on go our models of what you can see be curled up, come out here slightly better and right here from another angle of well, from the And that was one thing we want to refer him in last room, which is this one here on the left side. Then we're going to zoom and slightly just appreciate the location and shape of more for this or Freeman. Last room. I had never going to move on to our internal acoustics. Meatus. It's this one here on on the left. One slide here is well, so we're going to zoom on until it or models. Well, just to see, it seemed like you better and again in terms of identification. The internal boost meters is quite large. Freeman, so this might help you identify it, but if not, there is a bony structure that you can look for it. So I'm talking about this highlighted structure, which is the Petrous part of the temporal bone, so you might have already seen and examined the temporal both. And this is the Petrous part off on. In theory, we're going to find our jugular foramen and love their large room. And so the size might help you identify it on the cadaver, for example. But here, who's your bid? This is the jugular frame. And now we're going to want to be hypoglossal Canal. It's this one here. And if we do when we can also see the one on the left hand side. So this is the cough or blow still canal and find me. The largest one is be for him and my thumb. So this is the final product once we've other being nervous system components to our model On. As you might see, I have removed something major structures just so we can visualize the cranial nerves bit better. So we're going to go through the cranial foramina on the nerves, a pause through them Now, starting with the cribriform plate here that we saw earlier on through it possibly strew structures. The olfactory bolts last on right, which are part of the whole factor. Nerve cranial nerve number one. So in terms of anatomical course, once a sense of smell has been detected by the old factor receptors in the nasal atrophy Liam, their accents form feel factor nerves. And then these enter the intracranial cavity through the cribriform plate here and the cribriform plate, as we've seen as part of the eat more bone. Then the impulses and the sensor information reaches the primary olfactory cortex. So travels through this path to the primary will factory cortex, which is in the temporal lobe of the brain. And that's an area devoted to smell. So that's where these impulses arrive. So that was the anatomical course for cranial November 1. Feel proctoring her. Now let's look at our second Freeman, which was the canal one on the left here and one on the right here and throw. It passes the optic nerve, so you have to one the left one on the right side and think here, so once in impulse, has been transmitted from the pupil to be retina of the eye. These impulses are been transmitted from the retina to the optic nerve on the eventually reached the except the lobe on the primary visual cortex, which is the area where we appreciate vision. The impulses travel through the visual pathway, and one important component of the pathway is this structure on highlight here, which is the optic chiasm. And this is a structure where fibers from the optic nerves come cross over on their way through the visual popped way. But the optic eyes, um, in general is a very important structure in terms of papa physiology. A swell because it's it's very closely to be pituitary gland. So do try to keep in mind the often chiasm. So now we're going to take a look at the superior orbital pressure, which has, um, so previously is located right here. That's this one on dive other a useful summary of what structures past in which, for a minute here on the left as a revision, or just help you identify and fall along as we go through this video. So the Creon nerves opposed to through the superior old the fissure by the ocular motor trip ear off Zelnik on top nuisance nerves and the atomic nerve refers to the first division of the trigeminal nerve. So it's a summary. The criminals, a posterior superior orbital fisher are created nerves number three for the one on six. So let's start with the ocular motor nerve, which is highlighted here and think so. The Okay, um other nerve arises from the ocular modern nucleus within the mid brain off the brainstem, and it travels through the severe orbital fisher toe enervates the extra ocular muscles off the eye. So we're going to move on to this nerve here. Highlighted numbers do months like, which is the chocolate or nerve and cream number four. So the trochlear never arises from the trochlear nucleus in the midbrain of the brain stem and has a somatic motor function just like the okay motor nerve. And it enervates the superior oblique muscles, which is also an extra up your muscle of the eye that the ocular motor nerve does not, um, enervates. Yeah, but now we're gonna move on to this nerve highlighted here, which is the Abdus is not creating the number six on that also has a somatic motor function and the rates of the lateral breakfast muscle. Another extraocular muscle on it arises from the Abdus since nucleus and be palms of the brain sun and it follows this anatomical course to the extra ocular muscles of the eye on Finally. But when we have left is the found like nerve, which, as I said previously, as the first division of the trigeminal nerve, Uh, Colonel, um, number five, um So it passes through the superior orbital fisher here, and it's supplies sensation to the forehead and scalp. Frontal and ethmoidal Sinuses, upper eyelid and cornea and the upper nose. So these were the criminal of the possibly be superior or the fissure, the foramen rotund, um, which is this one right here and the highlighted cranial nerve. That process therapy is the maxillary nerve, which were first in the second division of the trigeminal nerve cranial nerve number five. So we would refer to be mad zero nerve as V two. So the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve passes through before Raymond. Redundant as we see here. And it's supplies sensation to the skin and mucous membranes of the cheeks, maxillary Sinus, nasal cavity, bladder lows, upper lip operative on gum and superior palate. So so then we move on, and very here to be for him in a volley, which is right here and the highlighted nerve that passes spirit is the manipulation nerve on again. This refers to be three, which is the molecular division of the trigeminal nerve. The month of view of the vision is slightly more complex, so it passes through the foramen here and it provides sensory innervation to the skin of the lower lip chin Joel Nukus membranes off the floor of the world cavity and the anterior two thirds of be tongue from that's only general sensation. It also said censor innovation to the lower teeth on your gum. Additionally, this division provides motor innovation to the muscles of mastication. So that is the motor component of the trigeminal nerve. So these were the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve which past through the superior or the Fisher be one. Bring her a ton. Dumb V two on Freeman. Of all you be. I used to commute This which we saw earlier is right here. So this is the internal acoustic you this on the two cranial nerves. Up all spirit is the facial on vestibular cochlear nerves. So create words number seven on state. So starting with the facial nerve is the one of the highlight. Now it's this one right here, so it arises from the nucleus in the bones. It has a motor and sensory roots. You can see the sensory route here. It's this one that I I like it now. So it's a sensory root of the facial nerve on the facial nerve passes through the interim work, use the computers and then exits the school. It goes through the Perle, the glands and forms five branches, so the's branches name the RV temporal zygomatic buckle mandibular on cervical branches. So that's the chemical course of the facial nerve, and it supplies muscles that form facial expressions on. Now we're going to move on to the vestibule. It'll corner, which is cranial nerve number eight. The cochlear nerve, as the name suggests, has a cochlear and the vestibular route, and these words carry sensor information but relates to hearing on violence respective E. So these impulses originate from the inner ear, specifically week okay and the vestibule, and they travel through the internal caustic meatus. Transmit that information tonight, Big job you very much right here. Be three nerves appalls through Vegas on spinal accessory nerves. So these are cranial nerves number 9 10 11. So starting off with the girl so far in June er cream in November 9, which is highlighted here. It has both a motor and the sensory function. In terms of motor innovation. It supplies the stylopharyngeus muscle off the firings. In terms of sensory, it innervates the or firings on the Post here, one third of the song now moving on to the vagus nerve cranial nerve number 10. It has a motor function and that it innovates most of the muscles of the firings and larynx and in terms of sensory innovation is quite it's expensive. It innervates the skin of the external acoustic mediators and some of the surfaces of the laryngopharynx on superior larynx. It also provides visceral sensor information from the trachea, lungs, heart, esophagus and most of the abdominal organs. That's one of the longest nerves and you're booking, and now we move on to our spinal accessory. Nerve, which is green of number 11 on the function, is purely somatic motor and that it innovates be stern. Apply the mastoid on trapezius muscles, but now look at the hypoglossal can now, which is located right here, so that is the foramen right here on the reciprocal one on the left. The cranial nerve it has a severely hyper little canal is the hypoglossal nerve, which is great and we're number 12 on. It's highlighted right here and think in terms of function, the type of little nerve has a somatic motor function and that it enervates be muscles of the tongue. So it arises from the medulla and exits the cranium from the Hypoglossal Canal right here before eight men. Magnum, which is right here, as we saw earlier in terms of structures passing clear, it got being medulla oblongata as well as the's final routes where the spinal accessory nerve which are right here highlight from now. So here they are. And, as we said, they arise from the spinal cord, falls through before him in modern in here, and then head towards the jugular foramen to merge with the cranial portion of the spinal accessory nerve right here to look up, the blood vessels are past, really create a promina and what's very useful but competing Artemisia and Congar to arterial here of the bottom and you conversion allies multiple layers of blood vessels. If you click that plus sign. Once you see that not many blood vessels have appeared, they took it a second time. We'll see even more vessels being displayed, not the layers we're going to start off with. So starting off with the optical now the the the atomic ordinary is a vessel that travels through the tunnel. So what I do in and try to locate be a problem in coronary. It's visible north here. Need Pulmicort er, so let's assume out slightly to see how it travels so you can still see it highlighted. We can also move to the orbit and see it's still highlighted right here. I'm going to return to our blood vessels on the next. That's what we're going to be seeing as the middleman in jewel arteries, which passed through the frame Espinosa. For that, we're going to be to add another layer of blood vessels so being rid of mine and your arteries are what here? So there's one on the left on the one. The right is right here. So the two middle manager arteries there would be for him, and you know, so so next we're going to see, um, people of us. Is the pulse through the girls to come out. And this is the internal corroded artery. A very major, very important orders. Have you been to assume it's like a click on this blood vessel? Now, that is your white internal girl. That artery, that's a very important arteries. It contributes to the circulation in terms of these herbal Willis on here, maybe two. The middle cerebral artery here who's amount slightly The anterior able artery. So that was the internal carotid artery Positive. Through the girl does come out here as we've seen. And then finally, we're going to look out fever people arteries, which cost before in the market. Uh, this one is the vertebral artery. Won't be right on then. Here as fever. People are three on the left. On this concludes the contents of the cranial permanent. Again, I will refer you to this dog in the left has a much more detailed list of all the conference of the current prominent. You get a final piece of advice in terms of memorizing and identifying some of these structures. Is this both, um, diagram here? I did tell you it was gonna be important. Make her own. So when you're first met with a convert image or a diagram, and we want to try to remember what cranial nerves are aware, useful tip is to think of the anterior middle and post here crying off. Also, so one would remember this is that in the interior kringle fall, so you will find to create alerts, so these are the first two signal popular being made. A cream also has four criminal nerves, so the next one on then people stare cream with salsa has six Prevnar's so 246 when you get B 12 cranial nerves.