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am I back? I think I lost. Uh, sorry about that. I lost maintenance. Connection? Uh, anyone, Uh, my back. My back. Could you just put on a chat? If you can hear me, I can't. Nothing. I can't seem to get any response. Yeah, okay. So I'm I'm back on. Sorry about that. I think, um, I lost my my connection. Okay, so, um, we're talking about the, um the at so moving on to the, um the structure of the hats, we have the the walls of the heart. You have the, um, epicardium, which is also the visceral, um, layer on the visceral, Um, the Vascepa pericardium. Um, we have the the fibrous, um, skeletal connective tissue, Um, which is the inner layer of the heart. We have the myocardial, which is the muscular tissue of the art. And we have the endocardium, which is the inner lining of the arts, which is what, in direct contact with blood that, um, is pumped into the art. Um, so those are the four layers of the, uh, the epicardium, the myocardium, the inter collecting connective tissue and the, um, Endocardium. Sorry about that. Um, I got disconnected for for for a while, and, um, we we have the chambers of the artery in. We have, um, the four chambers of the at the right and left atrium and the right and left ventricles. And we know that the, um this out blood moves through the heart. Um, blood is, um, blood is pumped. Um, um, from the S V c and the ivc into the right atrium, which moves to the right ventricle. Very the tricuspid valve. And then, which is blood is pumped out of the art to the pulmonary pulmonary trunk, um, to the lungs and then brought back by the pulmonary veins oxidated brought brought by party from the rally veins to the right atrium and then to the to the left atrium and entered left ventricle. And the separation and then into the air to to the to the, uh, to the systemic circulation. Basically, um, important things to note. Um, in the structure of the structure we have, we have the vows. We have the track hospital lab, which is, uh, three leaflets, um, which is made up of three leaflets. What? It's called track hospital valve. Between the atrium and the ventricles. and we this, uh, yeah, also mean like, the atrioventricular valve and one important structure around both the tricuspid valve and the mutual valve is the presence of the popular, um, popular the muscle that holds its, um, family in place. Um, by the cardia tenure. So the there are some strands of muscles that helps to, um, control the movement of the of the valves, the opening and the closing of develops to help to facilitate the one directional movement of blood through the chambers of the arts into into the blood vessels and into circulation. Um, basically. So we have the, um, arts moving the blood's blood in the heart, moving in one single direction, um, to prevent, um, prevent backflow of blood. And, um, if there is any problems with these, um, with these valves, then, um, we have, uh, conditions. Um, like the mitral stenosis. Track Auspitz sentences when these valves becomes, um, narrowed. And, um, well causes blood to, um, um causes blood flow in the heart, um, kind of turbulence in blood flow when it's too. It's too. Um, it's too narrowed and doesn't open wide enough for blood to fill. Um, fill up the, um, to, um to fill up the atrium. Basically, um, So problems with the valves can cause, um, at conditions, um, track hospital, Tennessee track hospital regurgitation. Regurgitation. When the at the vest, the valve doesn't close fully, and blood can go. Can regurgitate back into the, um, other in the other direction, which shouldn't We shouldn't, which shouldn't be the case, basically. So in Repin in, in, in characteristic surgery, the most of a lot of surgeries, um, done used to repair, um, it had to repair or to replace, um, defected. Um, valves. So there is the mitral valve repair, metre valve, um, replacements that can be done. There's also the tracker speed repair tracker Speed, um, replacement that can be done for the aortic valve. The which is the valve between the, um left ventricle and the ascending aorta. Um, if there is, uh, defect in this, uh, it's usually supposed to be a really flat valve, But sometimes in some individuals, it's, um it becomes a bicuspid valve instead of a, um, trackers valve. And this can also, um, usually, um, cause, um, some problems In elderly people, elderly people usually have problems with their um, the standard. The standard is, um, aortic stenosis, which is there is some form of calcification in the, um, aortic valve, which causes, um, aortic stenosis. Or some might even, um, have aortic regurgitation, basically. And when this happens, blood is enough. Blood is not pumped into the delta, and enough blood doesn't get too doesn't get to the act. And because the art is going to be working, um, in excess in trying to pump blood out of it, it's gonna cause some, um, some form of hypotrophy of the ventricles. And in some cases, um, um can cause some form of, um, dietitian of the chambers of the art. Usually the ventricles are, uh, the ticker at the take a world, um, chambers of the arts, Um, compared to the, um, compared to the atrium because they do most of the work of, um, of pumping blood. The contraction, the contracting of the of the ventricles basically are the, um um they do most of the work. And if, uh, in in some instances where the, um, the ventricles have been overworked and they lose their, um, their contractivity function, they can begin to dilate. Um, causing there to be, Um um, cleaning off of the walls of the of the ventricles and which could, um, which could be quite dangerous. Basically, Um, So that's just the That's just the overview of the structure, the walls of the heart, the chambers of the art and the the the valves of the art. There's also the pulmonary valve. Um, that lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk. As blood is, um, ejected from the right ventricle to the pulmonary drug to be taken to the lungs for oxygenation. Uh huh. Uh, time is fast spent. So, um, we have the coronary circulation. So the coronary circulation, this is the supply to the This is the blood supply to the heart muscles and the, um, the art itself, which is very important. Very important because, um, blockage to this, um, supply is all causes, um, at attacks. Ischemic heart disease is when a branch of the coronary artery is, um is blocked and causes ischemia. And, um, of course is basically, um so it's always always good to know the anatomy of the coronary circulation. Um, the right coronary artery, um, supply, complying the the right ventricle uh, located on this diagram. Okay, so we have the right, um, the right ventricle, which, um, supplies the right coronary artery, which supplies the right ventricle. And, um, also, um, part of the deaf Matics office of the left ventricle. Um, we have the left coronary artery, which supplies the left ventricle and also the, um, antibiotic thoughts of the ventricular septum and the left. Hmm. Um, have the left coronary artery, which supplies the left. My back. It's a place the left school, and I sure, infinite.