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So it is probably quite important for us to be able to spot that in different views and sections. So starting first with our coronal section. So I'm not sure if you can probably see these tiny numbers over there. But correlating what we've spoken about so far, uh let's try and name the sort of numbers one by one. So I'll just point them out to you in case you can't see them. So our first number is this and it's number one. So can anyone maybe try and tell me what the structure might be? OK. That's fine. Um So structure one is the lentiform nucleus. So it's sort of part of the basal ganglia and it comprises of the Globus pallidus and the putamen. And then we have number two, which also forms the lentiform nucleus and it's slightly darker stained. Then we have our number three, which is which hopefully uh you can see right there and it's just this thin area in between uh the sort of insular lobe which you can see here and this area right there. Uh So that is the external capsule. So now moving on to um number six. So we have number six is a ventricle. So you can see this in the transverse section as well and it's much more visible as lateral ventricles in this uh sort of image right here. Then we have our structure number four. So our structure number four is the thalamus. So the thalamus has many different lobes and hopefully you can see that uh right about there and then just on top of that, you have number five and that is the caudate nucleus, um just a bit of it right there, since it kind of it traverses along anteriorly to posteriorly. So you can see them in every section cronly. So now looking at the transverse section, if we can try and name the different uh transverse section uh bits as well. So over here, you can probably see the thalamus as number one and then you can see the internal capsule right there. And then hopefully three and four, you can see as part of the lentiform nucleus. So it would be um it would be the putamen and then you have your number five, which would be the caudate nucleus. And then number six would be your lateral ventricles. And number seven, as we described in the CSF slide is the choroid plexus which forms the CSF. So now that is also done with the brain. So we'll move on a little bit to cranial nerves. Uh So in terms of cranial nerves, uh there are 12 cranial nerves. And it's quite important for us to know how to spot them on different sections of the brain. And in terms of the cranial nerves, it's also important to know what they innervate and the types of fibers that are produced. So a good way to remember it is this a memory that I've put down on the slide and I'm sure there's multiple other versions of this as well. So speaking about our olfactory nerve, uh that is the very first one right there. And hopefully, we can see it pointing right out into the frontal lobe. And the types of fibers here are special sensory. Since it mainly uh governs our sense of smell, then we have our optic nerve. So our optic nerve is also special sensory. Since it governs our sense of vision, then the third one is right here. Hopefully, you can see it better here and I've put the label three right there. And that is our oculomotor nerve and it is motor as it governs the movements of our eyes. And it's also parasympathetic, our ocular nerve trochlear and ain's nerves nerve are motor because they all uh help with movements of the eye. And it's important to note that. So hopefully, you can see number four right there and that is your trochlear nerve. And then the larger nerve right there is your trigeminal nerve which is in between. And it's important to know that the trigeminal nerve has three branches So you have V one, which is your ophthalmic branch. You have V two, which is your maxillary and you have V three, which is mandibular. Then you have your number six, which is your abducens nerve. So you can see that right there coming out of the brainstem. Then you have number seven, which is facial, it mainly innervates a lot of muscles within the face as well. And then you have number eight and nine, which are quite close together. And then you have number 10 pointing straight out. And number 11 going down the spinal cord, and then number 12 comes out from sort of between the uh lateral sulci of the mid uh of the medulla as well. Um So I'm not going to go into specific innervation of these cranial nerves just now because I'm sure you'll touch upon it more in head and neck anatomy as well. So if we move back to sort of our skull frame and, and the contents, so now that we know of our cranial nerves and we're aware of how to spot them, uh we can speak more about the contents of the sort of different skull frame. And so we have our cri form plate right there, which is of the ethmoid bone. And we have our cranial nerve one which goes right through it. Then we have our optic canal right here and through that, we have our cranial nerve two. And we also have ophthalmic arteries going through each one of these. Then we have our superior orbital fish oil, which you probably can't see clearly. But it would be just about there. And through that, we have our cranial nerve. Number three, we have cranial nerve. Number four, we have cranial nerve number six. And we also have one of the divisions of cranial nerve number five. And we have one of the veins passing through which supplies the eyes as well. Then we have our frame in or so that is also part of our sphenoid bone. So we can see it right there, hopefully. And that has the second division of your trigeminal nerve. And then you have your for o valley, which is right there. And that contains your third division of the trigeminal, your foramen spinosum is just right next to the foramen ovale. And that has a meningeal branch of the third division of the trigeminal. It also has your middle meningeal artery, which we spoke about which traverses within the skull just beneath the ty. Then we have a carotid canal which we probably cannot see over here, but it would be just within the freemen last room and it contains our internal carotid artery which forms a lot of the blood supply of the brain. We have our jugular freemen which should be right about there. And that has cranial nerves number 9, 10 and 11. And it also contains our internal jugular vein and our posterior meningeal artery, the hypoglossal canal is visible better posteriorly, but it contains cranial nerve number 12. And the Freeman magnum contains a lot of our uh spinal structure. So it has our vertebral arteries. It has the intern posterior spinal arteries, the medulla and also the spinal root of the accessory nerve. So now moving on to the spinal cord, so we're just gonna speak about this uh in quite a gross manner, we're not gonna go too much into detail about the anatomy of the spinal cord. Um So you have 41 pairs of spinal nerves and the spinal cord extends right from the brainstem all the way down to your coccyx. So in terms of where the spinal cord ends, you have your Conus medullaris and then it fans out into structures called the corda quina. And then in terms of your cervical pa. So it's important to note that you have one extra pair of cervical nerves. You have 12 pairs of thoracic, you have five pairs of lumbar, five sacral nerves and one coccidial nerve, which you can probably see coming down this way. So now, in terms of sections of the spinal cord, it's important to note that you have a dorsal horn and a ventral horn. You have the central canal of the spinal cord, which we spoke about when we were speaking about CSF drainage. And then we have our spinal nerve, which is a mixed sensory and motor nerve. So you have your dorsal root and your ventral roots, your dorsal sensory and your ventral root, which come and combine to form this mixed spinal nerve which then goes out into the rest of the body. So now our main objective today, in terms of neurotomy would be to speak about our different spinal cord tracts. And there are different tracts which run up and down the spinal cord. So we have our ascending tracts which run from the spinal cord into the cortex of the brain. And then we have our descending tracts which run from the brain into the spinal cord and then to the rest of the body. So speaking about the ascending tracts first. So we have our spinothalamic tract. So over here, I have highlighted the lacto spinothalamic tract, but you have an anterior one as well. And then, as you can see highlighted here, you have your gracile fasciculus and your cic fasciculus. And we spoke about their nuclei uh when we were speaking about the medulla. So in terms of these two, their significance is in terms of your uh pathway called the dorsal column, medial, the meniscal pathway. And this pathway travels through these two fasciculi. So let's speak about the the spinothalamic tract first. So this tract helps to impart the senses of crude touch and pressure and as well as pain and temperature sensation. So in terms of your spinal thalamic tract, you have 1st, 2nd and 3rd order neurons. So your first order neurons ascend into the spinal cord and they go up 1 to 2 levels and then they go into your dorsal horn right there and they sign up at the tip of the dorsal horn and then they give rise to your second order neurons which kind of cross over into the contralat tract. So they might go into your Laos spinalthalamic tracts or your anterior spinothalamic tracts. And then they ascend into the thalamus and the sensory cortex. Then you have your dorsal colum, the meniscal pathway. So again, there's three orders of neurons. So your first order is from the periphery and it goes up into the mid, into the medulla. So it's important to note that the um the peripheral nerves from T six and above go into your cun fasciculus and from T six and below go into your gracile fasciculus. Then the second order they cross over in the medulla and they go into the contralateral medial meniscus straight to the thalamus. And then the third or neurons go from the thalamus into the sensory cortex of the brain. And this pathway is responsible for sensation of fine touch, vibration and proprioception. So now speaking about our descending TTS, we have our corticospinal tracts and we also have other tracts which help supply musculature of the face. So speaking about corticospinal tracts, in particular, we have our anti corticospinal tract and our lateral corticospinal tracts and they form somatosensory areas. So, from the somatosensory areas of our brain, the fibers travel down straight through the internal capsule and they pass into the medulla. These fibers then enter the two different taps. So the ones in the lateral corticospinal tart cross over and they terminate in the ventral horn which is right there. And the ones in the anterior corticospinal tract remain on the same side and they terminate in the ventral horn of the upper segments which are cervical and thoracic. Um And these corticospinal tracts are mainly motor and they supply the musculature of various parts of the body. So now, hopefully we've gone over most of our neuranatomy and the key bits that may be asked in exams. So I have five questions and hopefully, we can get some practice uh of the different aspects that we've just looked over. So our first question um name one structure that passes through foramen X. So feel free to use the chart uh to write your answers in. Mhm So OK, that's fine. Um So in terms of the answer, Framan X is marking our Framan ovale and the structure which passes through this would be the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve. So, moving on to number two, so we have the structure X which is marked on the diagram and which type of fibers are given off by the structure labeled X. So there's four options. Can we try to answer this question, please? All right. So hopefully, people have guessed d because this is pointing to the trochlear nerve. So moving on to question three, identify the vessel labeled X. So this is in relation to the circle of Willis. So hopefully people have put down posterior cerebral artery as the answer. Then we have a question for uh identify the structure X and name what it is formed from. So structure X is uh talking about the choroid plexus and as we discussed, it's formed from the vascular uh vascular layer of the PMR. And then we have question five. So question five is a patient has a lesion in the tract labeled X, which of the following symptoms would be in line with this injury. So hopefully, we've identified that structure X over here is the lateral spinothalamic tract and this is uh responsible for pain and temperature sensation. And so as a result, we would have contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation within the lower limb or below the lesion in this case. So the correct to would be b so in terms of neuranatomy, I did not find very much in sort of the textbooks that we used to study the rest of anatomy. So I thought it would be good to put down a couple of useful resources. So I found this book very useful and can help was very useful as well with its articles. And GKI medics was very useful to sort of correlate the clinical aspect with the anatomical aspect. So I would definitely recommend these for going over anatomy. Uh So that's all for me. And I hope that this has been helpful for everyone. And if you have any questions at all, uh please feel free to put them in the chart. And I'd really like if you could scan the QR code to fill out the feedback form. Thank you so much, Mahe that was such a good talk. Um Regard this as Mak said, if you guys have any questions, please um um in the chat now and um she can answer for you guys. But if not, it's really important that you guys fill out all the feedback forms. And obviously, the ones that have been up for their personally is the one that will come up um at the end of the session, which you'll get emailed as well. That will just ensure that you get access to the lecture slides, um the recordings. But if no one has any questions, then I guess, have a good rest of your day everyone and we will hopefully see you at our next lecture series then. And thank you so much for all the speakers. Montana.