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for Maine things which pretty recognition is kind of a center for so you don't have protein hormones. So the recognition of the's buy extra cellular receptors. Older son, you know, make metabolism in order to maintain her metastasis. So another example of death would be internal recognition myself, the pancreas in order to maintain blood glucose levels, um, you also have intracellular sickling molecules, which can indicate things about the interested in that environment. Um, the enzymes. So the active site on enzyme comes irritate the alteration of a protein such as proteases breaking down proteins, um, during digestion on this requires protein recognitions, so proteases avoid breaking down incorrectly ridicule, so maximize efficiency off the enzymes on, then lastly, also antibodies. So these immunoglobulins identify antigens on the office. On the surface of pathogens like bacteria on these injections can be proteins on these informed body that non self cells a present since May on but in this case, protein recognition via the binding of the engine to the and deport body's variable reason you want. So there's also a range of, um, purposes off the body where protein recognition is really central to make our own so she's going to the next slide. I thought a brief overview of protein structure is important to inform the general mechanism of protein recognition. So you probably know this from a level anyway. But obviously proteins are polymers on. The monitoring unit is an amino acids. This forms polypeptides. So I mean it. I said have a me and and uh, hydroxyl group with a variable group which could inform the function proteins are made of one or more boy peptides on. They could have up to four structural levels. You have the primary structural level. Um, it was just just the basic sequence of amino acids in the chain, obviously the variable group. And then, you know, I said, um can have different properties, depending on which molecules are present in that you have the secondary, which is the hydrin bonds which form between nearby me. Know I sit in the chain Tasha three, which is the different level of different types of bonding that often between the very region. So you have only it would die sulfide bonds and hydrophilic sash hydrophobic interactions as our groups off the amino acids in the polypeptide abroad, close enough to interact on this also, partly just determined by the primary sequence because it's dependent on what molecules the president meet with. You mean our since in the polypeptide on last, you have the quick territory structure. Just how motive polypeptide chains are assembled together if they're multiple polypeptides in the protein that you'd be wanting to recognize, Um, so she's going to the next paint. So lossy just the actual mechanism of recognition. So generally speaking proteins a recognized by some kind of a receptor so that you have the receptor and then the protein, which is, you know, a ligand in this example, um on the reception has some kind of active site complimentary to some aspect of the protein Be recognized. You seriously, extremely vague. But the specifics are very dependent. Um, on the scenario which the protein's been recognized kind of protein being recognized where the receptor is, you probably have an extracellular septum, for example, for a protein hormone. If it was an interest in your signaling molecule, which was the protein being recognized, then receptor would be intracellular says a lot of variation in pretty recognition because it's such a break, a good subject, um, and uh, Lexapro thing that because in the body. So the aspect of the protein being recognized, which is complementary to the active site, needs to be relatively unique. So to the protein being recognized, threat receptor has a high specificity. So here you can say the definitions on these qualities that you're really important when thinking about protein recommissioned your specificity. The frequency with which the ligand binds to the correct protein was have affinity. So how long the binding process lasts for so when the pretty being recognized as that actually like unique area, which is, um, to the to the receptor receptor has a high specificity because they're frequently binds or recognizes. The correct protein on this will facilitate the effective performance of the function, which protein recognition is required for. So, for example, if the variable region of an antibody is highly specific to a particular um, androgen, then it will frequently find a recognized this answered, and that all informed the body for this particular pathogen with this particular engine on its surface is present and has been recognized so high receptor specificity is really important. Um, full for particular uses of protein recognition um protein recognition is based on interactions between the binding partners, so the receptor on the protein being recognized Onda. These convene things like Hytrin bonds, hydrophobic interactions. Vandals forces on electrostatic interactions on the nature of the protein interaction. So how long it lasts for it's offensive. How actual how frequently the receptor binds to the protein. It's specificity is determined by the balance of different interactions occurring. So increased hydrophobic interaction increases the affinity, which is the reception protein have for each other because water molecules are excluded, which allows the teo molecules to bind for longer as the strength of the interaction is greater. Um, so this would say potentially be important with Well, you may be not want this with an ends I recognizing a protein for digestion because you weren't quite a rapid turnover, so you wouldn't want the protein to sit in the enzymes active site for a long time. After it, um, prostate enzyme had performed its its job. So so the level of hydrophobic interaction. The level of affinity would vary based on the kind of protein recognition of the pumps of the protein recognition, um, but then increase hard for interaction, which increased the affinity is not particularly specific as many amino acids are hydrophobic on different. You know it's it's kind of adopt different orientations to fit each other, which would allow the receptor to fit into a generally hydrophobic protein so it wouldn't be that accurate. They wouldn't find that frequent. Recognize that frequently on the specific protein that potentially meant to so whilst complement. So complimentary or polar or charge groups, which allow or facility electrostatic interactions, are important for specificity. So obviously, the ability of a ligand selectors talk it over other proteins, so this would potentially be more important in the function of an enzyme. And it's need for a protein recognition, um, so successful of the summary. So it's less for protein recognition allows the appropriate response to the detection of this protein by the ligand to occur. Whatever they say is if it's, you know, the change of the tablets and one insulin binds to it's receptor or the induced immune response. Well in antibody binds the injection, so understanding the general process mechanism and basis off protein recognition will be really helpful in using your basic science when trying to understand the body and medicine Yeah. All right. It's my boat, Pope. Okay, um, so I'm giving a talk home, uh, conversation between. So, um, so I'll go through it and talk about why, on the rough mechanisms as well as what gets transported and how it gets transported. Um, so the way is quite self explanatory, but I've given a few pictures on the slides of different cells, and each of those cells will be specializing in a sudden a seizure or, for example, right, brother so specialized in make sure the infection travels around the party where you know, So I don't have that capacity on their four each, so we'll have some tablets that other cells will need. So but the easiest example is red blood cells. Different liver function, too much. Also the body eso without this or transport in between. So the micro units within the body it would be pretty much impossible to sustain the metabolic activity. So things like, for example, glycolysis or ever, ever been respiration. The's processes require loads of different substrates that it was different molecules of metabolized or which come from different parts and different basically different streams, which would include different various types of cells. So things can, including this is always the auction in carbondioxide in the first of the respiration system. Also, the movement of iron is very heavily involved in participles. Um And so, for example, within glycolysis it would be the, um the sample ones. ATP is formed, you know, making sure that's transported to whatever. So he needs it. What point? Also, the body is an environment in which everything needs to be controlled very tightly with insect parameters. So, for example, body temperature industry or both temporal blood ph or anything, really, they all need to be set within a very, very strict limits on transportation between cells is crucial in this, because it's so we'll have a cellular environment which you know, allows, allows everything, allows its function to be informed. That helps more level. So, um, so's, for example, no cells. And when you're on in the CNS, they will have a controlled environment which is basically at the perfect well within the right prances. So the actual tension three cent on all those things mean that there needs to be transported between the internal environment and the external environment. Make sure that you know anything that everything inside that so is within this set for, um, it's very talked about. So the rough mechanism, I'm sure you will know that they're so memory and is this bilayer for PSA lipids? And there's also molecule such a protein and cholesterol, um, Onglyza for teens and all kinds of things embedded within it. But they the hydrophilic heads of Thean, vivid jewel foster lipid on the outside or facing the so Fixing the exercise environment as well is the interest in your environment. Where is the hydraulic tails are facing each other inside? In this sort of this, this hydrophobic apartment on that's the cell membrane of of the sores inside the body, so transport within cells will be basically have to go either through this or there'll be a mechanism that bypasses or assists anything to go through it on. Based on just this obviously anything that is hydrophilic. So anything that professor stayed in a quiz environment, for example, lines will have very tough time traveling through because you have to get through that very hydrophobic sort of middle layer on. It's gonna be much impossible without sort of forms of assistance of proteins or channels anything that can help it bypass that layer. But obviously on the country any small molecules that are very hydrophobic was, for example, steroid hormones is a very good example. They will be able to diffuse very through, um, this so membrane because of that property of being, um I just perfect eso what gets transported. I kind of touched on this in the white, but pretty much everything because, you know, from ranging from, you know, very, very tiny molecule. So at the level of irons. So things like calcium or sodium on the Testim, but also gases like that if you stay within the blood or the a crease addition inside the body. So oxygen calmed outside larger molecule as well. There are, um, that are basically, for example, if they made my cells also, you know, hormones pretty much anything that you can think off that will be will be made. So, for example, insulin that lasts get transported between cells. Um, so that one's freezing voice promise anything that you can think off. So what? The mechanisms on there's basically two main types so active and passive, the name kind of gives away the key difference. So the the past, um mechanism liberated, professed well. These are essentially any type of transfer between cells that doesn't require the reserve energy eso in the apply to the situation of the body. That means they won't require basically ATP on active it just the reverse of that. So any type of movement that will require the release of energy through ATP or sometimes and other forms. Um, you can also solve, because if anything's active, you can solve. Got a glass class that has anything that needs to be moved up, its concentration. Great. So you need energy. Where's pass? It will be mostly things that needs to be moved down, the concentration brilliant. So from an area of high constriction to live. So there are a few main types of transport that transfer between cells found within the body. So diffusion is something that you probably heard off. So diffusion is the findings. You know, the net moon of salutes or a tablets from an area of high concentrations, a low concentration on There's two types so active and passive. So I touched on this earlier about the the so membrane being really hard phobic or the middle, but being very high traffic. So if anything needs to passively diffuse in between cells, it has to get through that compartment on. That basically means that it would be anything that's either hydrophobic. It's 100 because, um, sometimes small, even small, are different. Things can go through just because of the nature that they're very, very small. Um, example I gave you earlier was started hormones. So, for example, when started elements are released in the bloodstream once they get their target cells because they'll be a higher concentration outside the cell competitive, they will diffuse three through without the use of any form energy. Um, active diffusion of facilities. Diffusion. Um, I think should say it's an air inside of selected diffusion, basically, is anything that requires something else. So a good example. This will be iron channels or, um, channels or proteins that once against still allow movement through diffusion. So ah, high concentration, too low concentration. But it requires something to bypass that membrane. You can see on the slides there. Since it's diffusion, there's, you know, that could be I n's or whatever, but they they'll be. They'll be using proteins on channels and various mechanisms to allow things to bypass that layer. But the key thing is that because diffusion there was no need of energy, there is no used to 80. There's also also says, I'm so This is gonna be the moon of water on you. Guys will have probably come across this in your levels. But, for example, of what central is the measure of tendency of what's remarkable to me, from one area to another area eso in more simpler terms, the mortar tell us vision higher. The ward substantial will be on. It was mostly is moving of water from an area of high ones potential to low 1% in short. So if there's a cell that has has been placed within a very, very concentrated solution, so it could be constricted, for example, with Rico's or whatever molecules, water would tend to move outs out of that. So on diphtheria converse is true, So if a cell is placed into a very, very, very watery solutions or not, not very constricted, then water will move inside. The cell on this will have key impacts for the actual mechanism within the body, so because obviously, in humans, we don't have samples or a lump like we don't have vacuums either. Like some plants, too. The moon of water can cause license or bursting of these cells, but it can also cause them Teo, like, shrivel up before. So it moves out leased and they lose. What volume? So you have, um, quite big clinical impact surface on point, things like dehydration. Another thing for a while the three mechanisms is I've just discussed is that there are a few common things that will basically affect the rates of movement. Um, so because these are also of passive things, having a greater concentration gradient will increase the rate of transport three themselves. So if in the example off, for example, steroid Homans passivity diffusing through so membrane, if the going straight in a difference of the construction grade in between the two Selves that they're moving within is greater than subsequently, the rate at which they move through the ovary, which they're transported will be a lot quicker, um, with the example, Or if I go back to the previous slide over the example of sedated infusion, the number off channels or the number off transfer proteins will also every influence it. So, for example, clinically glucose is going into the pancreas requires, obviously, channels on these channels. If the grades were number, then there will be a more rapid transport between seven, because there's just more avenues through which, because molecules compared through and clinically, this could be affected. So if he's offering such a certain that some people with Type two diabetes, there's a decrease or a significant decrease in number of these channels. So all this will be relevant simply a taxi learning the basics of science. Then there is active transport s. So this basically is kind of the opposite of diffusion in a way. So it requires the requires a recent energy, typically through ATP on the reason why before the reason why you need a recent energy is because you're moving from an area off, you're moving it from the opposite, so you're not going from a high concentration too low constriction. It's a low concentration type nutrition on, but there's very stars in the body which required that because obviously you're going against all of the the natural flow. You were quite energy to make sure, so there's a lot of different types that you come across throughout your degree, but example that could be transported. Ratings are only move one tablet one. So you there was a transport is or quote pumps are really, really good. Example of that will be the sodium potassium pump, which is found was testing ATPase pump, which is found in pretty much every so on. That is really crucial in maintaining the balance of bones and, like I referred to earlier, making sure that that that internal environment of the cell is neatly controlled eso, for example, if that was failed or if that wasn't present, it would be impossible. Send things like action potentials. Also, um, the Reese off vehicles are the sciatic cleft that requires basically insurance, that there's a low number of can't. There's a little constriction of calcium mind Sorry at the end of the neuron, so that will say, requires eight years the 88 80 because it requires they're continuous pumping to make sure that there's promotion. No calcium lines within. So, um so yeah, there are two more types which can also, you know, that there they can also be school underactive Friends walked because they were require energy, but they are quite different. And they're used normally for bill it bigger molecules. So exercise is and and decide cases. And I think that diagram really trace um um, quite well. So essentially an exercise Tosis the There will be a V school in the body of within the so sorry and it will merge with the outer so membrane on their four That's releasing whatever is in within that the school every within the within the school eso that is, for example, the released off your transmitters at this fanatic left a synaptic direction. That's a mechanism in three which is under released the office. It is also true, So endocytosis is basically opposite. So a school will Oh, I saw a molecule come in and it will be invaginated by part of so memory on that part will be clipped off basically on into the cell. So this is it could be seen quite low. But, for example, very French example would be microphage is, um, yesterday digesting anything that they need Teo, get rid off so many years off foreign bathrooms. Um, they're normal, typically used for larger molecules. So the monkeys I discussed before. For example, No, I n's or glucose These things they don't because there's some or they don't really need a separate apartment for them to be you then. But large market, for example. Manic rage is if you're you know, you're ingesting foreign pathogen or partner for patrons. Clear up, then you will need something bigger, have actually hold it in. Another advantage of this allows you to basically keep things separate. So going back to the pathogen example, If you had a pathogen within the blood stream and you like to get rid of it, you wouldn't really like it being within the sides President itself really hanging around because I could cause damage and it could once can lead to that imbalance off the homeostatic environment with in the seventies, I haven't get within its own vehicle. Insures that anything. So, for example, organelles, then so um uh, protected from any kind of damage. So that's basically the examples I had. So hopefully you can see just little recap that why transport between cells it's so important, Onda. The examples given will be basically, you'll find them everywhere. A study throughout the years so Yeah, Don't me. Thank you. So let me do Yes, please. Oh, so I'm just going to talk a little bit about exchange surfaces. I happen to be or substitute teacher for today just because ah, regular teacher actually lost her voice. So that's why I'm here. Okay, so we're gonna be talking about exchange services, and extra insurance is for single sells sells organisms. Diffusion alone is usually sufficient to revive the needs of the gas exchange of oxygen and common oxide in order to supply the metabolic activity of the organism. This is usually because THEOPHYLLINE is, um has a large surface area to volume ratio. You can think of a bacteria, for example. It's usually quite small, yet it has a very, very large surface area. But as organisms increase in size and number of cells increases well, I went to the billions and that always into tissues, organs, organ systems and their metabolic activity also increases. So we need to be able to have an exchange surface. Now, there's many, many different exchange surfaces around the body, but we're going to focus on a couple today. But first, let's talk about what kind of things make an effective exchange surface. So they're generally four different things. First thing, increased surface area. So by increasing your surface area of more opportunities, how I think of it is a bit like, um, the number of doors in a wall. Okay, the more opportunities that the molecules can actually put you through, get through to diffusion through, uh, facilitated diffusion or active counts were just This was always talking about earlier thin layers. So by having a thin layer, you're going to shorten the fusion distance, making it much faster. And then these last two are actually quite similar because they're doing basically the same thing. So good blood supply and ventilation. So obviously, the ventilation part only applies to really one of the exchange sexism, and that's the lungs in the L V O. Like it doesn't apply obviously, for example, to the kidneys or, for example, the gut because you don't have regulation there, but they're both doing the same thing, and the thing that they're doing is trying to maintain a high diffusion radiant if it's working through diffusion. So with the good good blood supply, you're constantly changing out the blood, so this concentration gradient is very, very steep. It doesn't ventilation on your hand if you're breathing as much. Common oxide out was possible. Reading as much oxygen in you're having quicker gas exchange similar to the blood supply. You're having a very steep concentration, Grady in writing things off being static and the concentration Grady, it is much, much smaller. That's making diffusion slower. So let's have a little talk about one of these exchange systems. So with only my gassy gas exchange here, which obviously occurs in the lungs, and we'll just talk quickly about the anatomy of the lungs and the physiology of you guys, which will be in a couple hours at seven o'clock and then also the anatomy guys will probably talk more about this. But generally you have different parts and different different parts of the, uh, the respiratory system. So we have the nasal cavity, which has a large surface area and a good blood supply, and also his hair lining truck has has that line the inside of the nasal cavity that traps the dust and bacteria so it protects along from tissue infections. So when you blow your nose, that's, you know, helping you, too, prevent any bugs from going inside your lungs, and my services also reduces evaporation you're taking is the main airway. It's line with ciliated epithelium. You'll look at that in your histology sessions throughout the year, but essentially you've probably already seen that in a level or GCSE. That essentially just like cells which have has on what they do is just a pump pump pump all the way. Come pulled. Um, you guys back up into your throat so you can either spit out where you can swallow it, depending on Are you feeling really? Then you have your bronchus, which is similar to your trachea, and it split something to the left on the right. Then you have your bronchioles, which are further divisions increasing the surface area surface area. The smooth muscle surrounding each of the bronchioles, meaning that the contraction dilation modulates the air Reach in the lunch. That's usually where you get your problems, such as asthma and COPD. Usually this level unless the you have the albuterol. I, which is your key component and something that you look at in home a lot is the audio lay, our title less accidents. We have a picture. So total air sacs and then the main gas exchange surface the body. It's a very unique to Marion. Lungs are very thin. They have flattened up, if you yourselves along alongside with some collagen, an elastic fibers. So elastic tissue allows the alveoli to stretch when there's drawn in and when they return to the resting size areas effectively squeezed out. So there's called elastic recoil, so I won't have it on about how how the Olaya doctors for gas this exchange Because, uh, it's essentially just the same as the four points that we went through earlier. Well, these things they're the same for basically a lot of different exchange sepsis. So don't worry too much about that. And it's something that you probably would have covered in a level if you did a lot of Iowa. Gee, so let's talk a little about ventilation. So ventilation is important part of gas. It's just gas exchange. It comprises of different pressure changes inside of the thorax, uh, about by the different breathing movements of the movement of the rib cage in the diaphragm. So that's often inspiration. So if you breathe in, so during inspiration, the dose shame die from contracts, so flattens. So it's kind of paradoxical toe how you might think it might do so instead of domain actually flattens out. So that's contraction of the diaphragm, and it lowers the external intercostal muscles as well, so moving their ribs upwards and outwards. Okay, So up and out for that does is it creates some volume inside of the thorax and also reduces the air pressure. And if the air pressure inside of four X is less than the, uh, pressure outside air is gonna move from, ah, high pressure, too low pressure so air is gonna be torn in. Now, if we talk about expiration, expiration is usually passive. So it usually you don't need to do much work for it unless it's forced. And in which case, if it's forced and I from relaxes, so it from it goes from a contract that state where it's flat does back up, and then the external intercostal muscles relaxed. So the regular is down. And so then that increases the pressure side left, or ACS forcing the air out again through pressure. Grady in high pressure in the thorax, low pressure outside. So forced expiration engages different muscles, doing the internal intercostal muscles which contract and pulling the ribs hard down hard and fast. Okay, let's move on to something more biochemistry. Elated on something that you'll come across quite a lot in Mimms, you actually have a whole electricity areas on self signaling, which is what the second messenger is all about, but you might have already come across. The second message of model and second message is essentially just inter sent intracellular signaling molecules released by the cell in response to exercise your signaling models molecules and can trigger physiological changes as sell your level. I do lots of different things, including for Philly, a proliferation differentiation, migration, survival, a proptosis and depolarizations. So it's a widespread thing. It's not just confined to one part one part one day, one time of cell or one specific organ. It's throughout the entire body that the second message of model is important. However, there are some specific messenger models and messenger systems that you come across in Mimms. That sort of ah highlights do a little bit more than what you'll do your essays about. So hopefully you can see hit. You can see that weapons is our external hormone, usually something like a non steroidal hormone. So, for example, adrenaline is a month that steroid a hormone that means that it corn actually diffuse into the cell so it needs to bind on two receptor. So let's say this is adrenaline. Adrenaline binds onto this receptor and activate some enzymes downstream. Then you get your secondary messenger. In this case, we'll talk about it later, but this would be a cyclical A M p, and eventually would cause affects downstream. So let's look at the actual pathway. So this is something that you'll come across quite a lot this year in memes you can see here adrenaline. Excellent. Two receptor activates something called the G protein. You don't need to worry about that too much yet, uh, covered later in the year. Then, after baits a local. Actually, Adina Low Cycle is forming cycle A M P. And then it activates cycle A M P. Dependent protein kindness. So you might be thinking, Well, what's the point of this week on it? Just adrenaline hit this effect. Why can't you just do that? So something that you'll come across later in the year in and actually sometimes comes up as an essay topic s a question. Is that why do we actually have secondary messenger systems? So the one of the biggest thing reasons why we have a secondary messenger system is to amplify. Okay. And what I mean by amplify is that one molecule of adrenaline can actually cause quite a big effect. Okay, so if we have one molecule of adrenaline, let's say activates. It was this receptor This receptor doesn't just activate. One additional cycle is activates many a and then this added a denial cycle is can activate many camp or CMP and then this CMP connective eight Many seeing CMP dependent protein kinase is so you can see here that just one can activate thousands hundreds of thousands of molecules downstream. Okay, so that means that we don't need a very big signal. It's quite sensitive. Signal had to be able to produce quite the effect. Another reason why we have a second secondary medicine. Jamaatul is relaying. So obviously because adrenaline corn actually passed through, it needs to relay it signal to another molecule, which is, uh, this case CMP next is integration. So not quite the mathematical integration that you might be used to, but integration in terms of it takes multiple different signals to able to produce an effect. So, let's say CMP dependent protein kinase. Let's just pretend that it doesn't just need CMP and he's another molecule. Let's call that molecule A. So in order for this to work, adrenaline needs to be activated, but also another molecules that needs to be activated. Okay, so it's integrated integrating different molecular pathways in order to produce a response. Okay, think of it like if you're if you're a bit more computer minded, like think about as an Aunt Gate. So two things have happened at the same time for it to work similarly or kind of the opposite. I guess its distribution is that as opposed to that, what you can do is that this effect can be a lot more widespread and it can be quite varied. So hopefully you know that adrenaline doesn't just, for example, raise your heart rate. Okay, so it does multiple different things around the body on D By having a secondary messenger model, it can do those different things in different types of cells. Okay, so it doesn't necessarily have to have the same uh, sickle AMP. This can activate other molecules as well, and those are the molecules go down to different downstream effects. And so you have massive, massive, different variations in what kinds of effects you'll have done stream and let's see how regulation So you can see here on the side it's removed by fossil diastole rays, which means that things can happen and it could be stopped rather quick, not rather quickly. Actually, it can take a little bit of time for for things to be stopped in a second message of model. But you do get to regulate it by using other molecules and in different pathways. Again. You'll come across this in your self signaling lectures later in the year. Okay, so just the highlight, how important self signaling is There's a couple of questions if I can actually show my screen here, Um, so if you can see that these are some of the questions I shouldn't be sharing. This is, uh, But these are some questions from previous years and stuff, Um, and you can see that it has actually has quite love bearing on, um, personable how Secondly, messengers, messages work, how to see a M. P work. How does G proteins work? Which is another part of your self signaling molecule pathways? Um, but generally, 11 used to get out of it is that secondary messenger one molecules are really important for primarily to amplify signals family to relay signals from outside to inside of the cell. Generally, that's the most important points day. You need to cover really again your cover it a lot more in Lent. I don't think it's recovered as much in Michelman us. I might be wrong on that. But you cover a lot of this and let you just need to get the foundation that this thing exists. And some of the ideas on the concepts that, uh, now important point pertinent it. Okay, so I think that should be in ah, again real of your feedback. Let me just put, uh, the feedback form into the chat. Um, so you might already know that we have, uh, a session in a couple hours time. That's physiology of review. That will be covering things like the kidneys, the lungs, more of a physiological perspective. So if you get quite confused, on those things. Come back a little bit later, but really, really appreciate your feedback. You might have noticed that it's also being recorded. If you feel in the feedback that a cop in a probably a few days time, I'll upload the recording on Buchanan Review on your own time. But, uh, does anybody have any questions at all? It was.