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okay, and then we'll get so it, Um So if you're watching this recorded or whether it's life, uh, welcome. Today, we're going to be, like, doing the trick. 10. We're doing the anatomy of you. So I know that family is quite a lot in the first year. They require a lot of different things. And the first one of the few parts of the body that you learn first is the upper limb. So today's teachers are going to be teaching you a little bit about some of the simple times to learn about and then also a little bit about the herbal supplement. Um, so after you guys okay, I'm saying I will introduce what? We're going to get three today. We're going to start off with on be kind of an overview off anatomical language, which most people would have covered by now. I'm going to go until about of the upper limb. Then from there, we're going to go on to re having a bit of the heart. This will come up later and request term, but some of it should be knowledge that people really have from a levels on. Then we're going to want to Few clinical case is just kind of highlight. Knew why you're learning all of this, uh, anatomy on why it's important. So, yeah, let's get started. So on a stomach or position, this is very important to know something that Trump's people up sometimes is the fact that the palms face forwards. That is very important. So you can see in this side where you have your planes, your sagittal plane, your career plane and your transverse plane. These are important to get scripts with. When you're looking at imaging, you want to know, you know, the plain that you're looking out, it will help you identify the structures that you are taking up on. Then other important terms that you need to get a grip with her for writing about anatomy is kind of positioning. So you have superior, inferior anterior and posterior. They're pretty self explanatory. You see them in the diagram natural. The medial. Uh, this is relative to your median sagittal plane, so kind of a line just straight down the middle of your body, medial closer to that lateral further away from that on, then any others that maybe you need to remind you've got, uh, desolate and proximal, which are important, especially when you talk about the limbs distal meaning further away from the origin. I'm proximal place into the origin. Uh, other ones. You might come across our in embryology, maybe cranial and Kordell with big place to heads, and then Kordell means tail on. Then the last one's probably that you need to think about are superficial and deep, and that's in terms of describing the structures in their proximity to the surface off the body. On you'll come across this in the muscle compartments. Well, because there are certain muscles that a superficial and others it deep so meaning on one, just a little bit of practice. Have to think about some of these ones, See if you can work out the answer on there is a little trick in there. The thumb is to the little finger. Remember, you're on atomical possession. So if you were here is here one. So maybe put in the chart if they've got an answer. If not, we'll just, uh the answer is, ones are the head is superior to the neck. The thumb is lateral to the little finger on the hand is distal to the shoulder, so bones and joints of the pollen season probably the foundation things you want to live. Um, the bones are important when you're learning a little of your origins and in sections. So you have your humerus, your radius, your owner, your carpal bones matter carpals for longies hand and then you have your card a cool your scapular which making up your pectoral girdle. So the joints you have your green a hero joint, uh, which is the head of the humerus in the venoforce off the scapula. That's a sign, Aviall, Bull and socket all of your joints in the upper limit side, Aviall, Which makes it quite easy to remember on then elbow joint, which is a hinge joint, uh, your wrist joint, which is an ellipse so joint on all of these really important when you think about the function off the upper limb, which is to position your hand in space on your contrast in this to your lower limb, which is very much about support, stability on do walking, running all of these things so you can see differences kind of compromise is made. That example would be your shoulder joint thie area off the humerus that fits in the glenoid for PSA is very different tonight off the head joint, because you're sacrificing a bit of stability for increased range of motion. So again, you're always relating your and asked me to the function, which is important. So then going on to look at the movements of all these joints. Uh, this is really important to get a high handle on, because it's also when you're thinking about the functions of your muscles, you want to be thinking about which joint the muscle is acting on on what it's doing. So you have flexion, which is decreasing the angle extensions opposite abduction, meaning away from the midline and adoption. Again, the opposite meaning towards on you've got some irritation circumducting, which is a combination of all of those other ones that to be aware of in the upper limb protraction on retraction of your scapula on is a really good thing to kind of practice, doing these movements to get them into your head at each joint participant shoulder joint, rubber join, rescuing on that we should really help them stick on. It will help you when you coming to try to remember which muscles are doing what I know that when you get to Europe, sounds the very next. If you go into that side on important movement that you see in the upper limb, is this probation and see predation where your distal end of your radius eyes actually flipping over the head of the owner on this allows you to flip your palms over? And that's something that's only seen in the upper limb tonight? Said Uh, so that's, you know, relating structure to function again. So the last thing just to be aware of again is when you're then coming is talking about the hand eyes that your midline, when you feel you have abduction and a deduction, is the long axis of your middle finger on, then the thumb as well is that right? Angles. So flexion off the's digits brings them down to a part that flexion with, um brings it across your palm. Say, Then we get on to the serious, uh, meat off the upper Lemtrada bik, which is just all of the muscles that you have to, you know, on this campus, seen quite daunting, but like you said Having a good grasp on your anatomical language and your movements is gonna help you learn your functions of your muscles and invite. It also helps you learn your innovation because innovations obviously what is responsible for these movements on D. If you know which spinal REITs break your plexus, a responsible for which movements that's gonna help you remember. The function's off the muscles and what muscles are innovated by which naps so your upper leg muscles they are in compartments. This is important because it helps. The main reason why you have these apartments is to prevent the spread of infection between them. That's a serious positive. It's also very helpful when it comes to learning the functions because your anterior posterior compartments have pretty much opposite function. So your anterior compartment, your flex, is on your posterior compartment. So are you. Your extensive, Um, on D again when you're thinking about the movement is going to help you when you're learning the names of all these muscles. For example, flex it copy. All Norris say Flexer means you know it's flexing. Copy, rest onerous. It's lying over the owner, so that should help you with all of those function origin concessions that you have to learn. It does make a lot of sense. You just have to get used to the language. So it is definitely something worth practicing. So a little challenge to think about now before we move on to some other stuff. Is this connection? Notice that you can pull that. You learn about it as you go on further in the upper limb course, it is essentially due to damage to the upper part of the reach of the breaking plexus C five and C six. Um, and it often this damage occurs in childbirth when they had a neck pulled away from the shoulder or vice versa on what it presents with is this. As you see, the images called weight is tipped of deformity, and then you get this because of paralysis off certain muscles that are being supplied by C five and C six eso. My challenge to you is to try and work out, uh, in what position? Think about each joint separately. The arm is dead, so I'll just give you a few seconds to think about that. Get if anyone who wants to put an answer in the chap. You're very welcome to give a gay. Uh, could be a few seconds. Okay, so if you're looking at it, your arm is deducted on it is immediately rotated at the shoulder joint. Okay, so your forearm is then extended. I'm pronated on the wrist is flexed. Onda. If we're thinking in a kind of broad sense about remembering how everything looks together, you can then think so. In this case, the antagonistic muscles to those movements are the ones that paralyzed. So those must be the ones that are supplied by C five and C six. So you can see how you can integrate all your knowledge so that all these facts that you have to learn become a broad picture rather than just a list of facts on it will become easier. It will make more sense. Okay, I, um So I'm gonna be talking a little bit about the heart. Um, so I would It would be good if you guys could, like speak. But if you call it, then don't worry. Because I was initially gonna ask what you guys remember or no about the hall in terms of chambers valves on vessels, from stuff you may be on a level. Um, so I don't know if I ever change your Francesca over one of you want give a summary. Maybe them. Okay, Well, don't worry. But what I was expecting to hear from you guys is that, you know the four chambers of the heart the two atria and the two ventricles to the atrium, the top and ventures with the bulk of the muscle in the bottom. Um, the valves. You're seeing the tricuspid valve on the right of the heart between the atrium on dementia. Cool on. Do you have a bicuspid or mitral valve of on the other side? And then the semilunar valves sort of leading also beach ventricle into the respective vessels, excusing, um, on the vessels that I had hoped you'd have heard off. Um uh, the pulmonary artery, which takes deluxe it in eight. It blood from the right side of the heart, out to the lungs to be oxygenated on the pulmonary veins. Brings that that now oxygenated blood back to the heart into the left side of the heart on then the aorta, which ends up pumping it to the rest of this is systemic circulation? Um, yeah, from Jessica. Don't worry if you if you're mice pricking his co weakness types and stuff if you want, Um, s so the first thing I wanted a century it was that they're sore view of the heart that you get a level, um is very sort of simplified in that it's often depicted. It's just like a grid off four boxes. And it's, um, so pipes coming out of it. But in reality, on actual heart, the anterior part says, there's always talking about the front of it is dominated by the right ventricle. Um, two thirds of it is actually the right ventricle, whereas posterially, um, it's the left atrium, so behind. So if you're looking for free, some was back. It's less atrium, which which dominates two thirds of that on view. And then, strangely enough, if you look from below, so inferior Lee. Most of it is the left ventricle because that bulk of muscle is needed to pump the blood basically every other organ in the body. Um, yeah, so So I'm spent, took a little bit about each sort chamber and a little bit more on a little bit more detail on their functions and things. So I'm sure you guys know that in the right atrium you have the sinoatrial node, Um, which is so situated around here on D I was going, I would have asked you guys if you remember what his function was. So, Francesca, if you're up for typing something, that would be great. Anything you remember about the sign of each your note. But basically, we know that the sinoatrial node is for starting or discharging the electrical impulse at least to the, um, pumping contraction of the heart so that that signal starts from the right atrium. So off the top right corner of it. And it spreads to the atrioventricular node, which is also in the right atrium. So off close to the tricuspid valve. Um, and then you know that it spreads down the bundle of this, um, to the 10 g fiber's going below. Each French school said that the contraction happens at the apex of the heart. I guess so. He was talking about the cough anatomical orientations on Dumb thing to add. Is that hot? It's kind of strange, and the apex is actually like at the basic. You know, like the apex is like the top of a mountain, so that's quite important. Ta realize that a contraction starts at the base. Um, and I had a question about what prevents. So have random propagation. Say, like unless you have some sort of dysrhythmia you don't normally get. Your heart is pumping when and whenever it wants to, or if the impulses of spreading too fast. So the answer to that is basically, there's a fibrous figure, a skeleton called Angus fibrosis. That's between the, um, sign, a chore node and the Atrioventricular node, which so off blocks and slows the propagation by a couple of milliseconds, which is sufficient to ensure that your Sinus rhythm is just kept in check. Um, as you can see, you've got the inferior and superior being a cable that that come into the heart, and I kind of wanted to show that all the vessels are often intertwined of each other. There's not just over a clear cut, like comes out here, comes in here like separate. Often it's like a long top of each other on his various other features that you'll learn about about the right atrium um, but I won't go into those now. Yes, very. Okay. So for the right ventricle is a bit more important to talk about the valves. So, as I said, the tricuspid valve is on the right of the heart. Try before you buy on the right. So you've got the free costs here, um, on be an important thing about them is that they have these, um, so papillary must was, um, that's all connected to each cost by the court. A tendon a, um and these are, if you think about that one was pulling down, um, on those all those like costs so that when the right ventricle or even the left ventricle contract, the valves don't even back into the atrial. Because the worst thing that could happen is the blood is going from venture cools back into the atria. When you want to direct it house of the heart to be oxygenated, we'll have to go to the rest of the body. Um, so that's very important sort of aspect off the ventricles. And then, obviously, the semilunar valves now called the pulmonary valve in the right side of the heart. I guess that's easy. to remember because it's going to the lungs like pulmonary and following that enters the primary trunk, Um, which is basically just the pulmonary artery. So, as I said, like the best was a very intertwined and mixed um, I guess an interesting part. The right ventricle was the moderates, a band which is basically just a branch from the right bundle of fist that sends the impulses down to the apex of the heart. But again, there's other features, so you'd want to have a smooth flow of blood out of the heart. So this smooth region here called the Infundibulum, insures that nice. The case, that is, no salt turbulence. Okay, so left atrial left bench cool, um, are sort of symptom or simple in the There's less so structural things that I haven't already mentioned again. You've got the costs of the mitral valve, a bicuspid valve touch to the Prolia muscles. Record a tendon a on. But you've got the thick wart aorta that's coming out of the left ventricle to pump blood to the rest of the body. Normally, you'd see the pulmonary veins of coming in. There's a left ventricle, but above here you see the left of the pulmonary vein coming to the left atrium bringing the accident oxygenated blood back in. And, um yeah, so I think it's nothing for the structure of the heart. No. Um, so, yeah, this This is why I was saying earlier about how the pulmonary trunk, which comes out the right ventricle, has right on left pulmonary artery, but that these are sort of wrapped around by the arch of a water and various branches that you learn about later. So, um, I think one key thing to try and get your head around is when you're looking at perceptions where they're setting yourself is to try and Orian say, using the tones that so you mentioned about, you know? So for me, for example, it was like the arch of aorta is superior to the combo trunk, and you can sort of imagine it wrapping around, and then that will help you to sort identify, um, the various landmarks. Okay, so valves are sort of mentioned in a quite a lot of detail, but this is just another view that they might show you, which is sort of looking down. So it's a superior of you and you're looking inferior, Lee. Um, so So the way to remember them is usually that showed this orientation, and it's just please ask me tomorrow. So, Palmer revolve aortic valve. We shouldn't mention coming from the December and a valve of the left ventricle, um, mitral valve. And then tomorrow try conservative says P A M T. Crazies Remember on mentioned the court a tendon a in preventing the only the atrioventricular out from the version the same, you know, valve. So maintain that function themselves, which is yes, quite cool. Um, okay, so obviously the hardest saw in the thoracic cavity. So you need some sort protection from various things. So I thought would be cool to talk about the various layers of the heart set on the outside. You got a lot of fiber Sperry Guardian, which is sort of usually covered by fat. It's quite sort of like that. They have a rubber reach sort of protective layer. Um, from beneath that, you've got the serious parietal and serious Mr Related, which must dinner on go bit harder to discriminate on between those two layers. The peri cardio cavity, which basically provides medication between the two layers to allow the heart to expand and pump naturally. Um, about that being too much friction. So actually concealer these red dots here before that they're the four pulmonary veins on superior in fear of being a cave aorta palm tree trunk. So it's all kind of intertwined, given that the pulmonary trump comes out with the right side of the heart on the aorta, comes out the left side of the heart. But it seemed to be the other way around. So it's really important to try and get your head around that because very easily, easily confused if you know I'm focusing, um, so eso obviously the heart function is the pump, but, um, to the rest of the body and also received heart does been around the body already. So how do we make sure that the heart itself makes enough black? Make sure it pumps itself, said answers to that is that the heart has its own arterial supply in the coronary arteries, So this is very complicated as many branches that you have to learn at some point. But first simply, you have a right and left coronary artery that that usually branch off to the various branches. Um, on important thing to know is that the sign a Joan note and atrioventricular node themselves do have blood supply to ensure that they're able to start the impulses for contraction. Um, cardiac dominances just just like a little facet about so where the posterior intervention can branch comes from? So one interesting thing about not to me is that they tell you one of these facts and things, but between individuals, there's gonna be variation. There's gonna be different vessels. They're gonna be in different positions. So that's just a Nexium pulvinar ea shin, um, in the coronary, uh, serious supply of the heart. So obviously no got terrorist, but it's gonna be a being a strange So most of the blood, if not all, of the blood connect collects in the coronary Sinus, which is soft between the right and right atrium and vegetable. Um, on it receives input from all of these other vessels that are draining into it. Um, one thing that's useful to know it's off which vein trucks, which arteries. So, for example, the right margin of our therapy, their runs along the base of the right ventricle this or similar position to the small cardiac vein. So sometimes, like joining them together, that might help you remember them. Um, so I wanted to talk about fetal circulation, and the feet are very briefly. So, interestingly, you've got one pulmonary vein. Onda know, Primary one, umbilical. They and two umbilical arteries. Um, in the umbilical cord to the vein brings the nutrients and, um, auction from the mother of the arteries. Take away coming outside of the waste materials. Um, and I thought that talking about the tetralogy of fallot Low, which is basically a congenital defect, could illustrate some destruction. We talked about those four things there are so that aorta is overriding. Um, so you know about the aorta, the right ventricular hypertrophy, which means it's basically grown in size of the muscle. The septum is defective on the parliament does understand. Most of it is that sort of outflow is blocked. As you can see, there's a narrowing there, so it's always good if you can relate the and asked me, you know, of a normal heart to that off and effective on day. Similarly, as when you're when you're developing as a fetus, there's various shunts that sort of overcome. So changes in pressures and the doctors for no cysts. Um is there to overcome the soft portal system? My deliveries, the doctors, arteriosclerosis, this toe overcome the pulmonary circulation on the farm. One of all the shots Heart blood from the right to left side of the heart is okay. You don't remember now, but basically, the point is when your fetus, they don't breathe as such, there's no contact with their They practice breathing movements. Um, but most of the oxygen comes from the mother, so they saw it needed to get as efficiently as possible to their aorta. Said I should go to the rest of the body because there's no estrogen is thing. In the Larkin's, for example, the doctors arteriosus shunts and goes bypasses that, um, set of blood can care on the body quicker. Um, so very briefly, the clinical scenarios that maybe mentioned coronary bypass and heart block, which are very related to the coronary arteries. Arterial supply. So bypass involves replacing on artery um of the heart with somewhere an artery or vein from elsewhere, too. Sometimes they take the radio artery from the arm. Here for the stuffiness vein from the Salt Lake pelvic region. Um, said out something to add on Also, heart blocks obviously very important that if a coronary artery is blocked, they're not only do you not get so muscular contraction, but if there's a block to the to the artery supplying the notes that you won't even be able to start construction, let alone maintain, Um so I think that's under this one more So these two conditions, I was gonna ask you guys what you thought the symptoms would be eso I talked about the doctors arteriosus taking blood, bypassing the pulmonary circulation. So if you've got Payton one as soon as you stop breathing, you're gonna solve get blood going back into the highest you can see by this diagram on at least a sinosis and so very difficult situation for the baby needing media ventilation cart. Asian of the water is a little bit different in that every sort of normal, except from the end of the year. What was taking blood to the rest of the body is very narrowed, so this obviously raises the pressure on the very symptoms that could be associated with that so if no one has any questions, I think that's me. Okay. Yeah. Hello. Um, so I will be talking about clinical cases on basically the clinic or application's to, um, and atomical structures that you will learn. And so this actually quite an important part of anatomy and oh, be in your multiple choice questions. And also, um, you'll have to write about it in one of your two essays, Um, in your exams in the summer. So usually for the clinical last days, you'll be basically presented with a clinical case with a couple of symptoms, and you will be asked to base to describe, um, what could be causing those symptoms on? Being able to provide many differential diagnoses is very important. Um, to make sure that you cover everything that is required, Um, on the Sabril brick basically eso the way you can, uh, metadata coli, uh, determine which diagnoses you should write about. Is this pneumonic called Vitamin C? Uh, and so this new one, it basically takes you through a couple of topics that you could potentially think about, Um so a couple of them are vascular disease is so you could think about maybe possibly aneurysms. Hypertension, Um, and possibly infection. Ah, trauma, autoimmune diseases, metabolic diseases. Um, idiopathic, which is unknown cause or possibly, um, person related. Environmentally related. Um, and then neoplastic, which is cancers, tumors, um, and then congenital distances. And then the second type you can use is a superficial to beat message where you take that area, um, and go from the superficial skin based, and then down to was below the skin and then below that all the way to the deep structures. Um, so that way you can make sure you cover most of the differential diagnoses and you don't miss out any points that you can get on your essays so we can go to the first clinical case, Um, as an example. So in the first scenario, uh, there's a 25 year old male was admitted to the anti with chest pain and shortness of breath bowling a boat traffic accident. What may be the underlying cause of this eso This was actually one of the past say questions for anatomy. Eso You can just take a couple of seconds to just think, um, what what may be the underlying causes and think about it, Um, in see, and then the superficial to the extractors What could be affected in this clinical case? Yeah, And then, if you have any thoughts, you can put them in the chart. Okay, So, um, once you presented with a question, it's very important to dissect. But what a sudden question. The details. Because many of the times examiners air basically hinting out what they want you to write about. Uh, and in this case, uh, some of the key words or that it's a male patient. It's very young, 25 years old and that they were in a boat traffic accident. So when you're in a row traffic accident, there is definitely going to be blunt trauma. Uh, and there's shortness of breath. So that be point to the respiratory system. So, uh, one potential top of you to talk about our rib fractures because of the blunt trauma. Uh, there could be factors to multiple ribs. And so one of the kind of common clinical case is is something called flail chest. And that's when you have fractures two more than two ribs and at more than two sites. And this causes a piece of three brick cage to move in a paradoxical, uh, fat A manner, uh, in contrast to your breathing movement. So when you inspire that segment basically moves in words, uh, and vice versa when you're expiring. Uh, and so because of the rib fractures, one of the, uh, very common clunk. Okay, so that you'll learn about is a new muscle wrecks. But just when the rib fractures can basically puncture the pleural cavity and cause, uh, air to go in, um, and the long to record your back. So if you can see in the X ray on the right, there is, um, the right long basically recoiled back. So it's the small segment that the Blue Arrow is pointing to. And so some of the clinical symptoms that you can talk about would be that there's hyper residence on the right side because of all that air. Um, and another is the ham and sign, which is I'm cross being or crunching sounds when your heart beats, which is basically the sound of your heart beating against a, um and so because of all that air pressuring. But that's the long and the long recording back in um, you have decreased ventilation so that can cause your breathing rate to increase. Uh, And so, in order to treat this, normally, clinicians would put a cannula, um, and intercostal drain into the 4th and 5th intercostal spaces. Uh, and once the potentially severe, uh, complications could be a tension you most Iraq's, uh, and so in attention pneumothorax that's very life threatening in case, um, and that's when there's a flat, which only allows air to go in but not allowing the air to escape. And that can make put pressure on your heart and cause a midline shift of your esophagus. Treat you, um and so you can diagnose this by, um, looking at the trachea and seeing if there's a shift towards one side. Well, so if you go onto the next light, um, another case we could talk about is ah, a cardiac camper. Not which is. There is a, uh, injury to the pericardial fibrous of fiber sac, Um, and so it causes thie build up of blood and fluid in the pericardium sac, which puts pressure on the heart and prevents it from actually expanding and contracting, which can affect the cardiac output and the, uh, perfusion of your tissues. So this is also life threatening. Uh, and the way that clinicians what treat it is, uh, peri cardio sentences. Uh, as you see in the picture below, uh, they basically put a needle, um, once in a meter below the sickest earn, um, um, towards the left hip of the shoulder to drink a lot of fluid. No. Next light. Eso Another, uh, clinical case is a traumatic aortic dissection. Um, and that is when your aorta basically die Sex through the layers. So in your aorta, there's, um in blood vessels, you usually have three layers. Um, and some of the clinical signs would be severe chest pain and back pain. Um and so just in previously went through some of branches, um, and the aorta eso this area dissection can take place in multiple different locations. Uh, and depending on the location, it can affect the blood flow to different parts of the body. So tight a A in the ascending aorta, while tight be, uh, aortic dissection. Zoran, the descending aorta. So if you, um, damage the blood supply to, um the ascending structures, it could affect the blood profusion to your brain and neck. Ah, whereas if you will affect the blood flow to the inferior structures it could affect, um, your kidneys, your renal arteries next night. So some other differential diagnosis You can think about our, um, fat embolism, which can be caused when you have bone fractures in your legs. Your long bones, um, causes the yellow bone marrow to travel up and could cause fat. And Eliza, um, and some others that won't go through into much detail are hemothorax kind of the rocks, lung contusions and last recent lacerations from the blunt force and, uh, diaphragmatic rupture. So in the second scenario, we have a 35 year old female who presents the GP with lower abdominal pain. What may be the underlying cause of this week? Eso Yeah, so you can just take a few seconds and think, um, about what you could write in this section next night. So in this question, some of the key terms is that it's a, uh the patient is a female. Um, so you have to think about my reproductive structures. Um, So the way you can tackle this question is just think about what structures are in the lower abdominal region s so you can see the abdominal regions usually, uh, divide it into four Cordiant's, um, and also nine, nine different regions? No. So you can take a couple of seconds. Okay? Yeah. Eso some structures you might think about our you are small intestine, Uh, which is the judging, um, ileum and then your large intestine, your cecum, uh, sigmoid colon rectum. And you also have your urinary, uh, system. So you're ureters and possibly bladder, and then your uterus ovaries. Uh, so then, after you basically, uh, identified the structures, you can think about what could possibly go wrong. And these structures, what are some clinical applications of these structures? Next light. So one of the most common clinical case is that you will learn about is appendicitis. Uh, and most of you probably know, um or have heard of someone who has had appendicitis. It's basically when your appendix becomes inflamed, possibly due to feces uh, being tracked and being infected. Uh, and appendicitis is potentially life threatening because, uh, it can perforate through the bowel and cause peritonitis and cause inflammation in your abdominal cavity and the history of pain is quite, uh, special. You learn about this? Uh, it's appendicitis, actually starts off with diffuse pain in your umbilical region. Um, and then it's only until a couple hours after that. It is localized in the lower right quadrant of your abdomen. Well, and so the way that they treat this is that they can, uh, search surgically remove it. Uh, and, uh, they can. The service marking for this is called McBurney's point, uh, and can see on the picture. It's basically two thirds of the way between your umbilicus and the anterior superior that iliac spines, which is I'm a structure on your pelvis. Uh, and one of the more interesting faxes that your appendix can actually have many different positions. It can be behind your cecum. It can be inferior to the cecum on this can affect the way that they search. We remove it next life, okay, And some French. Your diagnosis you can think about also is your tear it colic, which is, uh, the stones in your ureters, which can cause very colicky intense pain in your lumber region. Um, and mesenteric adenitis, which is which presents similar to appendicitis is since it's a female. We can also think about that topic pregnancies, ovarian torsion on for the bowels We can write about, uh, the inflammatory bowel disease. So you have cones. And also I have, uh, colitis. And then Meckel's diverticulum, which also presents similar to appendicitis, is and, uh, urinary tract infection. So these are just some ideas you can think about. All right, so all of this stuff we just said is very complicated, and you probably remember much of it, but that's fine. So the thing we want to definitely important you, that's very important. That we think is very important than the study tips for how you should approach learning anatomy and, to be honest, approach like learning all of the stuff in fashion medicine in general. So obviously instant, That's me a specific to anatomy. There's like a little green book, which I used a lot. But if you don't have that, that's okay. Doesn't online website, which has questions on dot so all of my diagrams, almost number from insulin as needed? A very helpfully laboard, Um, and it's always tips to remember stuff, so that's like a really good website done by one of the surgeons who actually is in the D are sometimes, um perspective, I think are very important for learning and asked me, especially from the start. Um, so if you could get Atlas, they're just has basically loads of use. Then once you can spot the land marks, usually the content is either. I think everyone finds learning insertions and, like everything else, usually fairly straightforward, um, when they when they put them on to it. But the difficult thing about the anatomy exam is that it's not just asking you direct questions. They usually put pins in, say, like the aorta for the like, flex a copy or Norris um, And then they'll ask you a question based on that. So if you can identify the, um, the part of the body, then it doesn't matter if you know if everything, so I think it's very important. But there are some things online where they have so per sections with like labels. But those labors a covered so you can click on them to reveal them. Um, there's a trigger to practice and also help you remember the fax. The villain Anke is like mine on Zoey's and paintings go, Teo. Method learning stuff is, if you haven't heard of. It's basically just flash cards that you can use to test yourself regularly. Um, and it calculates various intervals For how far I thought, how hard you find a particular flash card. Um, and the fact that anatomy is basically just a fact learning not really any exploration of ideas or anything makes Anky the perfect way to learn this stuff. So for me, I like using diagrams, Andi often So if talking through the diagram in my flash card. And so that helps you visualize things when it comes to perceptions as well. Um, so can heart. I didn't use myself, but I believe pain DJing was Oh, in my views, they could talk briefly about that. Yeah, it's just, uh, a website you can use online. They give a lot of good diagrams. I like to look at, um, and also give you a lot of good charts that can somewhere I still have the information together. Yeah, so that's definitely another useful resource. And then obviously acronyms, um, a new monitor devices. So what? I was mentioning a little more mission early about, um, one missionary about PM vows. Please ask me tomorrow. Pumped just stuff like that. Just so you live still remember that now, two years later is the third year because he just just like random stuff either The house around the things. And I think that's really the way that I'm a lot of people remember the virus fax in to me. So I think pigeons going to talk about the exam for my very briefly. Yes. So I think this year the exams will also be online. Eso uh, the anomia exam is basically just, uh it's in three sections, but the 1st and 2nd sections are combined together. Uh, and, uh, you would have, um, most portrays questions in the first section. Um, and that's basically more of thestreet anatomy questions. Whereas in the second section, you it's they call it a steeplechase. So you are given a few images, and then you have to know what that they're pointing to, and you'll be asked question about that structure as well. Uh, and so those two sections are combined to give you your second and me, uh, exam, which is what you need to graduate. Uh, and get your medical degree on, then the section three is your essay. So you're beginning to essays. And most of the times you'll be given, I believe, are six choices. Then you can choose, um, two from the 63 about on the one will be your straight anatomy. And then the other one will be your clinic USA. Uh, and so Section three will contribute. Uh, two. You're trying posts. So if you have any questions, you can feel free to put it in chat. We'll give you a couple of seconds here. Awesome. Thank you very much. Binging just didn't Sorry. That was super super helpful. Definitely cover some of the things that people get confused on. Especially make almost over with a lot of Theopylline if you do have any questions. So if we just stick around and we'll answer some of your questions that you have to be related to, ah, anatomy itself or farm could be anything. Uh, really. But if you don't have any questions, please do fill in the feedback form here. The bottom it's possible or the the the scan. Like your coat on the screen. We really appreciate your feedback so it can improve, like, just in the future. Okay. Thanks, guys.