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GUCAS: Y ear 2 Renal Monica Logan (Y4) 2299372L@student.gla.ac.ukContent -Anatomy of the kidney and urinary tract, particularly the structure of the nephron -Anatomy of the bladderKidney and NephronAnatomical Position • Retroperitoneal • Extend from T12 to L3 • Adrenal glands immediately superior to the kidneysExternal Structure • T12- Superior Poles • L3- Inferior Poles • Medial border has hilum which is the entry and exit points for vessels and ureterExternal Structure Deep-> superficial: • Kidney • Renal Capsule • Perirenal fat • Renal fascia • Pararenal fatBlood Supply Superior->inferior: - Renal vein empties into IVC - Renal artery arise from abdominal aorta - Ureter Internal Structure Can be split into: Renal Parenchyma consisting of the renal cortex and the renal medulla Renal Hilum where the vessels and ureter emergyThe Nephron • The functional unit of the kidney • Renal corpuscle- filters the blood • Renal tubule- processes and carries filtered fluidThe Renal Corpuscle •Renal corpuscle = glomerulus + Bowmans capsule •Glomerular membrane filters small substancesThe Renal Tubule • Filtered fluid goes into the renal tubule • This can the reabsorb or secrete substancesTypes of Nephrons Cortical (80-85%) Corpuscles in the outer portion of the renal cortex Shorter nephron loops which mainly lie in the cortex Juxtamedullry (15-20%) Corpuscles deep in the cortex close to the medulla Blood supply to both is from peritubular capillariesFunction of the Kidney Blood Pressure Regulation Hormone Production Acid-base balance regulationA WET BED • Maintaining Acid-base balance • Maintaining Water balance • Electrolyte balance • Toxin removal • Blood Pressure control • Making Erythropoietin • Vitamin D metbaolismURETERS, BLADDER and URETHRAURETERS • Approx 25cm long • Transirtional Epithelium • Carry urine from the renal pelvis into the pelvic cavity and empty into the bladderBladder Overview: Body- collection of urine Urethra- voids urine Trigone- contains urethra Fundus- base of bladder Sphincters: Internal: smooth muscle External: skeletal muscleBladder • Arterial: superior and inferior vesical branches of internal iliac • Venous: vesical venous plexus -> internal iliac veinBladder Sympathetic – Hypogastric Nerve (T12-L2) - Bladder wall and internal sphincter - Relaxes detrusor muscle to promote urine retention and contraction of internal sphincter Parasympathetic- Pelvic Nerve (S2-S4) - Bladder wall - Contraction of detrusor muscle Somatic- Pudendal Nerve (S2-S4) - External sphincter - Voluntary contraction/relaxationYoutube Videos for Revision • Handwritten Tutorials • Armando Hasudungan • Khan AcademyThanks for listening!MCQs •A 56-year-old patient is diagnosed with a tumor of the right kidney which is already causing a constriction of the ureter. In which part of the kidney is the tumor most likely located, if it can easily constrict the ureter? A) Lateral border of kidney B) Superior extremity of kidney C) Inferior pole of kidney D) Suprarenal gland Which structure divides the renal pyramids in the renal medulla (medulla renalis)? A) Interlobular arteries of kidney B) Minor renal calices C) Major renal calices D) Renal columns E) Arcuate artery of kidney The renal system does not play a direct role in regulating which of the following? A) Blood solute concentrations B) Blood Temperature C) Blood pressure D) Blood pH Urine is formed in a three-step process: which is the correct order of this? A) Tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption, glomerular filtration B) Tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion, glomerular filtration C) Glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption D) Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion Which of the following is least likely to be present in the glomerular filtrate (the filtrate produced by the nephron before it enters the loop of Henle) of a healthy adult nephron? A) Large molecular weight protein B) Glucose C) Electrolytes D) Amino Acids