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Menstrual Cycle, Pregnancy , Contraceptive pill Alexander ThamPresentation format •Presentation format will be questions and answers •I will show questions, ask you what you would include in them and then give you the answerMenstrual cycleQ: Describe the sequence of events that occur in the ovary during menstrual cycle [5] How would you go about doing this? What 5 points do you think you would need to includeQ: Describe the sequence of events that occur in the ovary during menstrual cycle [5] • Follicular phase • Groups of follicles in ovaries are recruited for development under FSH influence • Secondary follicles form from primary, and one is chosen as the Graafian follicle. • ↑ oestrogen production as Graafian follicle develops • pituitary. Inhibin inhibits FSH secretion, but increases synthesis. LH becomes stored for LH surge. • Ovulation • 14days before menstruation, LH surge reaches a peak. This is 36 hours before ovulation. • At this peak, follicle ruptures and releases oocyte • Oocyte undergoes meiosis I • Luteal phase • Remaining granulosa and theca cells form corpus luteum (produces progesterone + oestrogen for 6-8 days)Q: During a menstrual cycle, which three phases does the endometrium pass and on which days of the cycle do they occur [3] •Another typical year 2 question. •Just one of those things you need to know •Can pop up in MCQQ: During a menstrual cycle, which three phases does the endometrium pass and on which days of the cycle do they occur [3] Endometrial phase Days of menstrual cycle Menstrual phase Days 1-5 Proliferative phase 5-14 Secretory phase 14-28 Define the following terms: A. Follicular atresia B. Secondary follicle C. Zona pellucida Define the following terms: A. Follicular atresia => most follicles don't mature and are degenerated B. Secondary follicle => a follicle in which the antrum (fluid filled cavity) has formed C. Zona pellucida => layer on the primary oocyte made of glycoprotein that surrounds the primary oocyte as the follicle maturesPregnancyQ: Describe the actions of progesterone during pregnancy [3]Q: Describe the actions of progesterone during pregnancy [3] 1. Prevents endometrial shedding 2. Prevents endometrial contractions by inhibiting prostaglandins in myometrium 3. Suppresses ovulation 4. Stimulates breast development 5. Stimulates appetite and promotes storage of body fatQ: Describe the four major stages in the formation of the neural tube •Embryological question. •Very popular – both prof McDonald and Dr Sneddon like to give this question in MCQs and examsQ: Describe the four major stages in the formation of the neural tube 1. Transformation of thickened embryonic ectoderm to neural plate 2. Lateral plate folding along midline groove 3. Dorsolateral and medial hingepoints => neural plate bends and fuses at the cranial regions 4. Fusion begins cranially and caudally; anterior neuropore closes at day 25, posterior neuropore d ay27Q: Explain the significance of Rhesus negative blood group in first pregnancy [4] •One of those bizarre prof McDonald questions •He mentioned this in one of your labs – therefore it is examinable •Can be both in MCQ, but more likely in writtenQ: Explain the significance of Rhesus negative blood group in first pregnancy [4] 1. Rhesus antigen is RBC antigen 2. Mother has no antigen due to being Rh negative. 3. If baby is Rh positive => exposed to antigen produces antibodies 4. Subsequent pregnancy, antibodies can cross placenta => attacks Rh-positive RBCs of foetus the newbornin haemolytic anaemia in utero, leading to haemolytic anaemia ofContraceptive pillQ: Describe three major actions of combined pill [3] 1. 2. 3.Q: Describe three major actions of combined pill [3] 1. Prevents ovulation => oestrogen and progesterone inhibit gonadotrophin release from anterior pituitary 2. Thicken cervical mucus => prevent sperm penetrating the mucus 3. Prevents implantation => oestrogen and progesterone result in inadequate endometrial proliferationQuestions?