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Osteology of the Lower Limb Hannah Beattie Identify Identify the osteological features of the pelvic bones, the femur and patella and correctly side each of these bones Identify Identify the osteological features and ligaments of the hip joint Describe Describe the anatomy of the knee joint Identify Identify the osteological features and ligaments of the knee joint Describe Describe the movements that take place at the knee joint Learning Identify Identify the osteological features of the tibia and fibula and correctly side each of these bones Outcomes Describe Describe the anatomy of the ankle joint Identify Identify the osteological features and ligaments of the ankle joint Describe Describe the movements that take place at the ankle joint Identify Identify the bones of the foot• Pelvis • Femur • Patella• Pelvis Ilium Ischium Pubis Pubic symphysis will be anterior Iliac crest will be superior Right Side Acetabulum will be facing laterally vs Left Side Obturator foramen will be facing down Normal position of the pelvis will be tilted anterior slightly Femur Anterior • Head • Neck • Greater and lesser trochanter • Intertrochanteric line– where ligaments attach to • Lateral and medial epicondyle • Lateral and medial condyle Posterior • Linea aspera – where muscles attach Right vs Left Look for the vertical linea aspera if found it is posterior Head of the femur will point mediallyPatella - kneecap • Within the patellofemoral groove of the femur • Sesamoid type bone due to its position within the quadriceps tendon • Lots of ligaments attaching to the patella to secure the knee joint Hip Joint Ball and socket synovial joint Ligaments of Hip Joint • Iliofemoral ligament - anterior • Pubofemoral ligament - anterior • Ischiofemoral ligament – posterior • Transverse acetabular acetabular labrumts the • Ligament of head of femur – branch of the obturator artery runs in this ligament Iliofemoral ligament is the strongest as it blends with the anterior joint capsuleBlood Supply to Hip Joint Fractures of neck of femur may cause avascular necrosis Patients are initially asymptomatic will require total hip replacement (THR). Femoral head collapse usually occurs within 2 years after development of hip pain.Knee Joint - It consists of 3 Joints within a single synovial cavity : 1) Medial Condylar Joint : Between the medial condyle of the femur” & the medial condyle of the tibia 2) Lateral Condylar Joint : Between the lateral condyle of the femur” & the lateral condyle of the tibia 3) Patellofemoral Joint : Between the patella & the patellar surface of the femur . • Patellofemoral joint is synovial gliding • Tibiofemoral joint is a modified hingeKnee Joint Ligaments of Knee Joint • Anterior Cruciate • Posterior cruciate • Lateral meniscus • Medial meniscus • Lateral collateral • Medial collateral • Transverse ligament connects the two menisci Medial meniscus is more commonly injured because it is firmly attached to the medial collateral ligament and joint capsule Lots of sports injuries include damage to the ACL due to the twisting nature of the movements ACL function is to prevent post displacement of the tibia- TESTED DOING THE DRAWER TEST Movements of the Knee Flexion • Biceps femoris , Semitendinosus , Semimembranosus , Gracilis, Sartorius , Popliteus . Extension • Quadriceps femoris , tensor fasciae latae Medial Rotation • Semimembranosus, semtendinosus gracilis, sartorius and popliteus Lateral Rotation • Biceps FemorisTibia and Fibula • Fibula is lateral • Tibia is smaller and medial Ankle Joint • Also called talocrural joint is synovial hinge • Calcaneus not part of joint • Articulating surfaces are the talus, the lower end of tibua and then both the medial and lateral malleolusLigaments of Ankle Joint • Anterior • Posterior • Deltoid (3 parts) - medial side • Lateral Collateral (3 parts) 1. Ant talofibular 2. Post talofibular 3. Calcaneofibular Sub-Talar joint • Between talus and calcaneus • Involved in movements of eversion and inversion Movements of the Ankle Joint • PLANTARFLEXION • DORSIFLEXION - Tibialis anterior - Tibialis posterior - Extensor Hallucis longus - Flexor Hallucis longus - Flexor Digitorum longus - Extensor Digitorum longus - Peroneus longus and - Peroneus tertius brevis - Plantaris - Gastrocnemius and Soleus Bones of the Feet • Talus • Calcaneus • Cuboid • Navicular • Cuneiform x3 • Metatarsals • Proximal phalanges • Middle phalanges • Distal phalangesQ1. Which of the hip ligaments is the strongest? A. Pubofemoral ligament B. Ischiofemoral ligament C. Transverse acetabular ligament D. Iliofemoral ligament E. Ligament of the head of the femurQ1. Which of the hip ligaments is the strongest? A. Pubofemoral ligament B. Ischiofemoral ligament C. Transverse acetabular ligament D. Iliofemoral ligament E. Ligament of the head of the femur • Because it blends with the anterior part of the hip capsuleQ2. The tendon of which muscle group attaches to the patella? A. Quadriceps Femoris B. Biceps Femoris C. Adductors D. HamstringsQ2. The tendon of which muscle group attaches to the patella? A. Quadriceps Femoris B. Biceps Femoris C. Adductors D. Hamstrings