Computer generated transcript

Warning!
The following transcript was generated automatically from the content and has not been checked or corrected manually.

Neurocognitionand Neurodegeneration JosephMohan 4thYear MedicalStudent UnivMedEdsocietychesterAttentionandInformationProcessing while ignoringothers. Itplays acrucialrole ininformationprocessing byfiltering relevantmuli informationfromthe environmentand allowing fordeepercognitive functionslike perception, memory,and learning. Thereare severaltypesofattention,including selective attention (focusing onone task),sustainedattention(maintaining focus overtime),anddivided attention(managing multiple tasks). Efficientattention is necessaryforeffectivedecision-making and problem-solving.Features ofLanguagein CognitiveFunction • Languageis a symbolicsystem of communicationthatincludes sounds, symbols,and gestures.Its keyfeatures includephonology(sound system),morphology(word formation),syntax(sentence structure),semantics(meaning), andpragmatics(use insocialcontext). • Languageplays a criticalrole in cognition as ithelps inthought organization, problem-solving,and memory.TheoriesofMemory Memory is essential for learning and decision-making. • Atkinson-Shiffrin Multi-store Model: Describes memory as having three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.Theoriesof Memory • Working Memory Model (Baddeley and Hitch): Suggests short-term memory is a dynamic system with different components like the sketchpad, and phonologicaltial loop. • Levels of Processing Theory: Proposes that deeper Theoriesof levels of analysis (semantic) lead to better long-term memory retention compared to shallow processing Memory (sensory). BrainAreasinvolved inCognition • Prefrontal Cortex: Involvedin decision-making, planning,andexecutivefunctions. • retrieval.s: Critical formemoryformation and • Amygdala:Plays arole in emotions andemotional memory. • Parietal Lobes:Responsibleforspatial processing andattention. • Occipital Lobes: Involvedin visual processing. • TemporalLobes:Associated with language, auditoryprocessing, and memory. Piaget’sCognitive DevelopmentStages Jean Piagetoutlinedfour stages of cognitive development: 1. Sensorimotor Stage(0-2 years):Infantslearn through sensory experiencesandactions.Key milestone: Objectpermanence. 2. Preoperational Stage(2-7 years):Children engage in symbolic play butstrugglewith logicand perspective-taking. Keyfeatures:Egocentrism andcentration. 3. Concrete OperationalStage (7-11years): Children begin to understandlogic in concrete terms.They developconservation and reversibility skills. 4. Formal Operational Stage (12yearsandolder): Ability to think abstractly,reason logically,and usedeductivereasoning.CognitiveDecline andBrainAgeing • Cognitivedeclineisanatural part of aging, oftenstarting withslower processing speed, reduced memory, and decreased attentionspan. • Dementiarefers toaprogressivedecline incognitive functionssuchasmemory, reasoning,and languagebeyondnormal aging. • Alzheimer'sdiseaseisthemost common form, followed by vasculardementiaand Lewybody dementia.Alzheimer’ sDisease • the progressive lossofneuronsandsynapses,primarilyaffecting they hippocampusandcortex. • neuronallossandsynapticdysfunction,neuroinflammation,larytriangles, cholinergicdeficiency. • Clinicalfeaturescanbeclassified intoearly,middleandlate stages. • Geneticfactors:early onset-AD,genemutations,late-onsetAD • Environmentalfactors:age,cardiovascular health,lifestyle factors, head trauma,educationlevel.Supportfor patients withAlzheimer’ s • Pharmacological - receptorantagonists, anti-NMDA amyloidtherapies, antidepressants,antipsychotics. • Non-pharmacological - CBT, physical andsocial activities, supportive careBasalGanglia • control, regulating voluntarytor movements, and inhibiting unintended movements. Key components include the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus.Cerebellum • Cerebellum: Coordinates balance, posture, and fine motor movements by integrating sensory information and motor commands.SpinalTracts • Spinal Tracts: The corticospinal tract carries motor commands from the cortex to muscles for voluntary movement.Parkinson’ sDisease Aprogressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms such as tremors, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. It non-motor symptoms, including cognitive andalso lead to psychiatric disturbances. Clinical features include: • muscle rigidity, postural instability, shuffling gait, masked facial expression(hypominia), micrographia. • Non-motor symptoms – cognitive dysfunction, depression and anxiety, autonomic dysfunction, sleep disorders, olfactory dysfunction.Pathophysiology • Dopamine Deficiency: The hallmark of PD is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, a part of the basal ganglia. This region plays a key role in the control of movement. Dopamine, the neurotransmitter these neurons produce, is critical for smooth and coordinated muscle movements. • Lewy Bodies: In PD, there is the abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein proteins inside neurons, forming structures called Lewy bodies, which contribute to neuronal death. • Nigrostriatal Pathway Impairment: The loss of dopamine in the nigrostriatal pathway (connecting the substantia nigra to the striatum) impairs movement initiation and control, leading to the cardinal motor symptoms. • The imbalance between dopamine (reduced) and acetylcholine (unchanged) in the basal ganglia is thought to exacerbate motor symptoms, leading to tremors and other movement-related issues • https://youtu.be/_pZmMU2xLM8?t=30 Treatmentand Management • Pharmacological Treatment - Dopamine Agonists, Monoamineoxidaseinhibitors,Catechol-O-methyl transferase, Anticholinergics, Amantdine • Surgical – DeepBrainStimulation • Pharmacological Treatment - Levodopa, Dopamine Agonists, Monoamineoxidaseinhibitors,Catechol-O- methyl transferase, Anticholinergics, Amantdine • Non-Pharmacological Management:physical modifications,psychosocialsupport., dietaryEffectofNeurodegenerationonCognitive Behaviour NEUADAND PD AFFECTMEMORY,S LIKE TOMOOD CHANGES,DEPRESSION,D LANGUAGE,EXECUTIVEFUNCTION, ANXIETY,ANDSOCIAL ANDEMOTIONALREGULATION. WITHDRAWAL,FURTHERIMPACTING QUALITYOF LIFE.FeedbackForm • https://app.medall.org/feedback/fee dback- flow?keyword=4fa4a6965a036c15688 meded&organisation=manchester-AnyQuestions?Q&A1. Which of the following best describes the role of attention in information processing? • A)Itenhances memory storageby eliminatingirrelevantinformation. • B) Itfilters incoming informationtofocus on relevant stimuli. • C)Itprimarilyfunctionsinlong-term memory retrieval. • D) Itensurestheaccurateperceptionof sensorystimuli.1. Which of the following best describes the role of attention in information processing? • A)Itenhances memory storageby eliminatingirrelevantinformation. • B) Itfilters incoming informationtofocus on relevant stimuli. • C)Itprimarilyfunctionsinlong-term memory retrieval. • D) Itensurestheaccurateperceptionof sensorystimuli.2.Which brain areais primarily involvedinthe processingand production oflanguage? • A)Occipitallobe • B) Broca's area • C)Hippocampus • D) Amygdala2.Which brain areais primarily involvedinthe processingand production oflanguage? • A)Occipitallobe • B) Broca's area • C)Hippocampus • D) Amygdala3.Whichof the following theories of memory emphasizesthe processing depth as keyto memoryretention? • A)Atkinson-Shiffrinmodel • B) LevelsofProcessingtheory • C)Workingmemorymodel • D) Dual-storetheory3.Whichof the following theories of memory emphasizesthe processing depth as keyto memoryretention? • A)Atkinson-Shiffrinmodel • B) LevelsofProcessingtheory • C)Workingmemorymodel • D) Dual-storetheory4.Which brain region is associated with executivefunctionssuchasdecision- making and impulse control? • A)Hippocampus • B) Prefrontalcortex • C)Cerebellum • D) Basal ganglia4.Which brain region is associated with executivefunctionssuchasdecision- making and impulse control? • A)Hippocampus • B) Prefrontalcortex • C)Cerebellum • D) Basal ganglia5.According to Piaget’sstagesof cognitivedevelopment,inwhichstage do childrenbeginto developlogical thought processes but strugglewith abstract ideas? • A)Sensorimotor stage • B) Preoperationalstage • C)Concreteoperationalstage • D) Formaloperationalstage5.According to Piaget’sstagesof cognitivedevelopment,inwhichstage do childrenbeginto developlogical thought processes but strugglewith abstract ideas? • A)Sensorimotor stage • B) Preoperationalstage • C)Concreteoperationalstage • D) Formaloperationalstage6.Whichofthe followingis ahallmark symptom ofearlycognitivedeclinein Alzheimer'sDisease? • A)Difficultywithmotorcoordination • B) Impairmentinshort-termmemory • C)Suddenmood swings • D) Lossofspeech and comprehension6.Whichofthe followingis ahallmark symptom ofearlycognitivedeclinein Alzheimer'sDisease? • A)Difficultywithmotorcoordination • B) Impairmentinshort-termmemory • C)Suddenmood swings • D) Lossofspeech and comprehension7.Whichof the following pharmacological treatments is used to manage cognitivedeclineinAlzheimer's Disease? • A)Dopamineagonists • B) Acetylcholinesteraseinhibitors • C)Beta-blockers • D) Selectiveserotoninreuptake inhibitors7.Whichof the following pharmacological treatments is used to manage cognitivedeclineinAlzheimer's Disease? • A)Dopamineagonists • B) Acetylcholinesteraseinhibitors • C)Beta-blockers • D) Selectiveserotoninreuptake inhibitors8.Thebasal gangliaareprimarily involvedinwhichofthefollowing functions? • A)Memoryconsolidation • B) Voluntary movementinitiationand control • C)Processing visual stimuli • D) Regulationof hormonesecretion8.Thebasal gangliaareprimarily involvedinwhichofthefollowing functions? • A)Memoryconsolidation • B) Voluntary movementinitiationand control • C)Processing visual stimuli • D) Regulationof hormonesecretion9.Whichof the following isa characteristicpathological feature of Parkinson’sDisease? • A)Plaque buildupinthe hippocampus • B) Lossofdopaminergicneuronsin the substantia nigra • C)Lossof cholinergicneuronsinthe basal forebrain • D) Demyelinationofspinal tracts9.Whichof the following isa characteristicpathological feature of Parkinson’sDisease? • A)Plaque buildupinthe hippocampus • B) Lossofdopaminergicneuronsin the substantia nigra • C)Lossof cholinergicneuronsinthe basal forebrain • D) Demyelinationofspinal tracts10.Whichclassof drugsismost commonly usedto alleviate motor symptomsinParkinson’sDisease? • A)Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors • B) Antipsychotics • C)Dopaminergicmedications (e.g., Levodopa) • D) Antidepressants10.Whichclassof drugsismost commonly usedto alleviate motor symptomsinParkinson’sDisease? • A)Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors • B) Antipsychotics • C)Dopaminergicmedications (e.g., Levodopa) • D) Antidepressants