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NEUROANA TOMY Anatomy of the Skull, Brain, and Spine By Mehak Chandanani University of Aberdeen 20/04/2024 and time @BRITISHINDIANMEDICASSOCIATION @BINDIANMEDICS BRITISH INDIAN MEDICAL @BIMA ASSOCIATION BIMA Preclinical seriesWHO AM I I’m Mehak, and I am a third year medical student at the University of Aberdeen. I am an international student from Dubai. I have a keen interest in neurology, paediatrics, and academic medicine. In my free time, I Your picture enjoy playing the violin. If you have any questions about this session, feel free to email me at: m.chandanani.21@abdn.ac.uk TOPICS COVERED 2) Brain 4) Spinal Cord 1) Scalp and Skull • Structure and 3) Cranial Nerves Coverings of the • Gross Structure • Layers of the scalp • Cranial nerve of the Spinal • Dermatomes of the brain pathways scalp • Lobes of the brain • Cranial nerve Cord • Bones of the Skull • In depth anatomy of functions • Spinal Cord the cerebrum, Tracts • Surface Markings and cerebellum, and Foramen of the skull brainstem • Vasculature of the brain • Cross-sectional anatomyTHE SCALP AND SKULLLayers of The Scalp Skin Dense Connective Tissue Aponeurosis Loose Connective Tissue Periosteum Mnemonic Skin Connective Tissue (dense) Aponeurosis of Occipitofrontalis Muscle Loose Connective Tissue Periosteum • What are the surface landmarks defining the extent of the scalp? • Which layer is responsible for blood supply to the scalp? • Why is the loos connective tissue layer also known as the danger zone?Dermatomes of The ScalpBones of The Skull Frontal Bone Parietal Bone Temporal Bone Sphenoid Bone Occipital Bone • What is the clinical significance of the area circled in green?Bones of The Skull – Surface Landmarks Sphenoid(ant.) Frontal (ant.) Temporal (lat.) Occipital (ant.) Sphenoid(post.) Frontal (post.) Temporal (post.) Occipital (post.) Bony Skull and Foramina Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Superior Orbital Fissure Foramen Rotundum Optic Foramen Foramen Ovale Sella Turcica Foramen Lacerum Foramen Spinosum Internal Acoustic Meatus Jugular Foramen Carotid Canal Foramen Magnum Hypoglossal Canal Stylomastoid Foramen Mnemonic Old Rotund Owls Spin Lazily Across JugsTHE BRAINA Quick Embryology ReviewBrain Coverings and Their Associations Periosteal layer of dura Dura Mater Dural venous sinus Meningeal layer of dura Arachnoid Mater Superior saggital sinus Falx cerebri Pia Mater Cavernous Diaphragma sellae sinus Tentorium Straight sinus cerebelli Sigmoid sinus Falx cerebelliGross Anatomy of The Brain Cingulate Gyrus Corpus Callosum Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe Cerebrum Septum Pellucidum Fornix Pineal Gland Occipital Lobe Cerebellum Brainstem Temporal Lobe • How many lobes can the cerebrum be divided into? • What is the format of cellular organization of the Cerebral cortex?The Cerebrum Lobe Function Frontal Lobe Voluntary movement, attention, speech, short term memory, planning Putamen Caudate nucleus Parietal Lobe Processes somatosensory input (touch, pain, temperature, pressure), language and numerical processing, other senses Thalamus Temporal Lobe Decodes visual and auditory sensory input for retention of visual memory and language Occipital Lobe Visual processing Globus Pallidus Limbic Lobe Modulation of emotions, learning, memory, visceral and autonomic functions Insular Lobe Taste, visceral and pain sensations. Vestibular functionThe Cerebellum Vermis Vermis Anterior lobe Anterior lobe Flocculonodular lobe Posterior lobe Posterior lobe Cerebellum (sup.) Cerebellum (ant.) • What is the function of the cerebellum? • What are the signs of cerebellar dysfunction?The Brainstem and Diencephalon Superior Colliculus Midbrain Inferior Colliculus Cerebral Peduncles Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus Pons Obex Posterior Median Sulcus Subthalamus Dorsal Column Medulla Lateral Column CSF and Ventricular System • What structures within the ventricles are responsible for CSF production? • Where do these structures originate from? CSF Flow Lateral Ventricle Lateral Ventricle à interventricular foramen à Third Ventricle à cerebral aqueduct à Fourth Ventricle à central canal of spinal Interventricular Foramen cord/Foramen of Magendie and Luschka à Spinal Cord/Cisterns à Third Ventricle Surrounds Brain à arachnoid granulations à Superior Saggital Cerebral Aqueduct of Sinus Sylvius Fourth Ventricle Blood Supply • Use your knowledge of the Circle of Willis to identify the Anterior Cerebral Artery arteries on this inferior view of the brain. Anterior Communicating Artery Middle Cerebral Artery Internal Carotid Artery Posterior Communicating Artery Posterior Cerebral Artery Superior Cerebellar Artery Basillar Artery Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Anterior Spinal Artery Vertebral Artery Cross Sectional Anatomy Brain (Coronal Section) Brain (Transverse Section) 6 5 5 4 6 3 3 4 2 2 1 1 7CRANIAL NERVESCranial Nerves Overview Aid To Memory Cranial Nerve Type of Fiber Oh Olfactory (I) Special sensory Oh Optic (II) Special Sensory Oh Oculomotor (III) Motor, Parasympathetic 1 To Trochlear (IV) Motor Touch Trigeminal (V) V1 and V2 – sensory, V3 - mixed 2 And Abducens (VI) Motor 3 5 Feel Facial (VII) Motor, General Sensory, 4 Parasympathetic 6 Very Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Special Sensory 87 Good Glossopharyngeal (IX) Motor, General Sensory, 9 10 12 Parasympathetic Velvet Vagus (X) General Sensory, Special 11 Sensory, Motor, Parasympathetic Ah Accessory (XI) Motor Heaven Hypoglossal (XII) MotorRevisiting Skull Foramina and Contents Foramen Contents Cribriform Plate Olfactory (CN I) Optic Canal Optic (CN II), Ophthalmic Artery Superior Orbital Fissure Oculomotor (CN III), Trochlear (CN IV), Abducens (CN VI), Trigeminal Ophthalmic Div (CN V1), Superior Ophthalmic vein Foramen Rotundum Maxillary division of trageminal (CN V2) Foramen Ovale Mandibular division of trigeminal (CN V3) Foramen Spinosum Meningeal branch of mandibular nerve (CN V3), middle meningeal artery Carotid Canal Internal Carotid Artery Internal Acoustic Meatus Facial nerve (CN VII), Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII), labrynthine artery and vein Jugular Foramen Glossopharyngeal (CN IX), Vagus (CN X), Accessory (CN XI), Internal jugular vein, posterior meningeal artery Hypoglossal Canal Hypoglossal (CN XII) Foramen Magnum Spinal root of accessory nerve (CN XI), vertebral arteries, anterior and posterior spinal arteries, medulla oblongataTHE SPINAL CORDSpinal Cord – Quick Overview Cervical - 8 Dorsal Root Dorsal Horn Thoracic - 12 Ganglion Central Canal of Spinal Cord Spinal Nerve Ventral Horn Ventral Root Conus Medullaris Lumbar - 5 Cauda Equina Sacrum - 5 Coccyx - 1Spinal Cord Tracts Ascending Tracts Descending Tracts Gracile fasciculus Cuneate Fasciculus Lateral corticospinal Lateral spinothalamic tract tract Spinothalamic Tract – crude touch and pressure sensation Anterior corticospinal tract (anterior), pain and temperature sensation (lateral) DCML – sensation of fine touch, vibration, and proprioception Corticospinal Tracts - Supply musculature of the bodyOSPE PracticeQuestion 1 Name one structure that passes through foramen X. XQuestion 2 What type of fibers are given off by the structure labelled X. X a) General sensory b) Special sensory c) General sensory and motor d) MotorQuestion 3 Identify the vessel labelled X. XQuestion 4 Name the structure that X is formed from. XQuestion 5 A patient has a lesion in the tract labelled X. Which of the following symptoms would be in line with this injury below the level of the lesion? X a) Ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation b) Contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation c) Ipsilateral loss of fine touch and vibratory sense d) Contralateral loss of fine touch and vibratory senseUseful ResourcesTHANK YOU FOR LISTENING ANY QUESTIONS? INSERT QR CODE FOR FEEDBACK FORM BIMA Preclinical series