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Head, Neck and Spine By Kavyesh Vivek andReshabaPushparatnamSkull, radiograph, occipitofrontal 15° projection 1. What is 26?Skull, radiograph, occipitofrontal 15° projection 2. What is 7?Skull, coloured bones 3. What is 22?Skull, from behind 4. Which two bones fuse together to form structure 4?Skull, external surface of the base 5. What is 8?Skull, bones of the left orbit 6. What is 9?Left orbit, individual bones 7. What is 1?cleared specimen from the front, illuminated from behind 8. What is 18?Skull, external surface of the base 9. What passes through 15?Skull, internal surface of the base (cranial fossae) 10. What is 12?Permanent teeth, from the left and in front 11. What is 3?Mandible, from the front 12. Which nerve passes out of 13?13. What is 31?Side of the neck, right side, deep dissection 14. What is the first anterior branch of 11?Axial CT neck 15. What is 5?Right lower face and upper neck 16. What is 25?Digital subtraction angiography, external carotid artery 17. What is 27?Prevertebral region 18. What is 2?Tongue and the inlet of the larynx, from above 19. What is 3?Left eye, surface features 20. What is 8?Lateral view of right orbit, deep 21. What foramen does 24 exit from?Right tympanic membrane, as seen using an auriscope 22. What is 2?Sagittal section of the head, right half, from the left 23. What is 16?Lobes and brain surfaces 24. What is 6?Arteries of the base of the brain 25. What is 5?26. Which cranial nerve passes through this structure?27. Into which cerebral artery does the blood from this structure feed into?28. What is the structure being pointed at?29. Which structure is being pointed at (do not specify side)?30. What is the structure labelled 5?31. Name this structure.32. What is labelled 5 (do not specify side)?33. In the foetal radiograph below, what is labelled 13?34. What is labelled 21?35. What is labelled 28 (do not specify side)?36. In this axial CT scan of the neck, what is labelled 14?37. What is the name of these two structures located in the neck?38. What is the name of label 14?39. What is labelled 24?40. What is labelled 7?41. What can be found within the region labelled 23?42. What is labelled 10?43. In this sagittal section of the right eye, what is the function of the muscle labelled 28 with respect to movement of the eyeball?44. Which sinus is labelled with the arrow?45. What is labelled in the image below (specify right/left)?46. Which nerve is labelled 25?47. What is labelled 6?48. What is labelled 26?49. What is labelled 7?50. What is labelled 30? 1. University of Michigan Medical School - Unlabeled Face Images [Internet]. [cited 2021 Oct 9]. Available from: https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/blueli nk/unlabeled-face-images 2. University of Michigan Medical School - Unlabeled Orbit and Cavernous Sinus Images [Internet]. [cited 2021 Oct 9]. Available from: https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/blueli 3./unlColor Atlas of Anatomy: A Photographic Study of the Human Body [Internet]. [cited 2021 Oct 13]. Available from: https://anatomiaartistica.files.wordpress.com/2019/05/colo- atlas-of-anatomy-a-photog.-study-of-the-human-body-7th-ed.-j.- rohen-et-al.-lippincott-2011.pdf 4. File:Cranium- pterion.jpg - Wikimedia Commons [Internet]. [cited 2021 Oct 13]. Available from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cranium_ _pterion.jpg References 5. Abrahams, P. H., Spratt, J. D., Loukas, M., VanSchoo, A. Abrahams' and McMinn's Clinical Atlas of Human Anatomy E- Book, 8th Edition. Elsevier; 20181213. Retrieved from vbk://978070207334220181213. 6. Anatomical Science Image Library [Internet]. [cited 2021 Nov 22]. Available Science-Image-Library.aspx#Brain(Abrahams, 20181213)a- 7. Head, neck and brain - Abrahams’ and McMinn’s Clinical Atlas of Human Anatomy - ClinicalKey Student [Internet]. [cited 2021 Oct 13]. Available from: https://www.clinicalkey.com/student/content/book/3 s2.0-B9780702073328000019#hl0001552Left zygomatic bone (5) 2Frontal Sinus (5) 3Nasal bone (5) 4Parietal & Occipital bone (5) 5External occipital protuberance (5) 6Left infra-orbital foramen (5) 7Left ethmoid bone (5) 8Right supra-orbital margin (5) 9Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) (5) 10ForamenOvale (5) 11Left canine (5) 12Inferior alveolar nerve (5) 13Superior orbital fissure (5) 14Superior thyroid artery (5) 15Common carotid artery (5) 16Parotid gland (5) 17Submental artery (5) 18Anterior longitudinal ligament (5) 19Epiglottis (5) 20Sclera (5) 21Optic canal (5) 22Parstensa (5) 23Intervertebral disc (5) 24Insular lobe (5) 25Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (5) 26The structure pointed at is the right parotid gland. The facial nerve (CNVII) splits into 5 terminal branches as it passes through this gland. Can you name these branches? (1) 27Left Middle Cerebral Artery (1) 28Left Lacrimal Sack (2) 29Middle Nasal Concha (2) 30Right External Acoustic Meatus (3) 31Right Styloid Process (3) 32(3) Sphenoidal Sinus 33Anterior Fontanelle (6) 34Right Medial Pterygoid Muscle. Bonus question: what is the function of this muscle? Ans: elevation, protrusion and lateral movement of the mandible for chewing. (3) 35Zygomatic Process - try to orientate yourself, the molar teeth need to be on the lateral aspect of the skull so 28 needs to also be lateral. Additionally, the bone above the teeth is the zygomatic bone. (7) 36Internal Jugular Vein (7) 37Arytenoid Cartilage. Bonus question: what is their function? Ans: they help move the vocal folds allowing tension and relaxation for speech. (7) 38Right Lateral Ventricle. Bonus question: what is found in this ventricle and what is the pathway the fluid then passes through? Ans: CSF, passes from the lateral ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct to the fourth ventricle. (7) 39Dura Mater of Spinal Cord (3) 40Right Superficial Temporal Vein - knowing the branches of the external carotid artery is important. From this you can infer that the arrow is pointing to a vein following the same path and draining from the same region. (3) 41CSF - this is the subarachnoid space (3) 42Right Temporal Lobe (3) 43Elevation and Abduction of the eyeball. This is the inferior oblique muscle, you can differentiate this from the inferior rectus labelled 20 as label 28 is a more circular cross section which hints towards the orientation of the muscle. You can see the insertion of the inferior rectus to the eyeball just above the inferior oblique muscle. (3) 44Right Ethmoid Sinus(6) 45Right Vertebral Artery (3) 46Tip: follow its course. Left Trigeminal Nerve CNV - as you follow the nerve to the left of the image, you can see it splits off into three branches. (3) 47Optic Chiasm (3) 48Left Mental Foramen (3) 49Left Foramen Spinosum (3) 50Frontal Sinus (3) 5152