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Regions and Features of the Brain and Arterial Supply Hannah Neill hneill04@qub.ac.ukLearning Outcomes 1. Identify the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes of the brain 2. Identify the thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellum 3. Identify and describe the anatomy of the corpus callosum 4. Identify and describe the location of the pre- and post-central gyri 5. Identify and describe the location of the longitudinal fissure, central, lateral, parieto-occipital and calcarine sulci 6. Identify and describe the location and function of the primary motor cortex, primary sensory cortex, primary auditory cortex, primary visual cortex, Broca's area and Wernicke's area 7. Identify and describe the function of the lentiform nucleus (putamen, globus pallidus) and caudate nucleus - collectively known as the basal ganglia 8. Describe the arterial supply of the brain and identify the relevant arteries1. Identify the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes of the brain Frontal Parietal Temporal OccipitalClinical Context Lobe Function Frontal Higher intellect, personality, mood, social conduct, language Parietal Language and calculation Temporal Memory, language and hearing (primary auditory cortex) Occipital Vision2. Identify the thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellum Thalamus Hypothalamus Cerebellum2. Identify the thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata andcerebellum Midbrain Pons Medulla Oblongata3. Identify and describe the anatomy of the corpus callosum3. Identify and describe the anatomy of the corpus callosum Body Splenium Genu RostrumSplit Brain Syndrome • Lesion of corpus callosum (trauma / surgery) • Little effect on day-to-day life • Loss of interhemispheric transfer of information à loss of coordination between right and left hands à each hemisphere acts independently https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMLzP1VCANo4. Identify and describe the location of the pre- and post-central gyri Central Sulcus Pre-central Gyrus Post-central Gyrus Primary Motor Cortex Primary Somatosensory Cortex Function: Generates signals to direct Function: the movement of the body Register & process sensory (descending tracts) information from receptors in the body (conscious proprioception, temperature, pain, pressure, touch) (ascending tracts)5. Identify and describe the location of the longitudinal fissure, central, lateral, parieto- occipital and calcarine sulci Longitudinal fissure Parieto-occipital sulcus Central sulcus Lateral sulcus5. Identify and describe the location of the longitudinal fissure, central, lateral, parieto- occipital and calcarine sulci Calcarine sulcus 6. Identify and describe the location and function of the primary motor cortex, primary sensory cortex, primary auditory cortex, primary visual cortex, Broca's area and Wernicke's area Wernicke’s Area Broca’s Area Speech production Comprehension of speech Primary Visual Cortex Primary Auditory Cortex Receive and interpret Receive and interpret visual information from sound information form the retina the cochlea Brain Regions Summary Area Location Function Primary Motor Cortex Precentral gyrus Generates signals to direct the movement of the body (descending tracts) Primary Sensory Cortex Postcentral gyrus Register & process sensory information from receptors in the body (conscious proprioception, temperature, pain, pressure, touch) Primary Auditory Cortex Superior temporal lobe Receive and interpret sound information form the cochlea Primary Visual Cortex Posterior pole of occipital lobeReceive and interpret visual information from the retina Broca’s Area Left frontal lobe Speech production Wernicke’s Area Posterior temporal lobe Speech comprehensionClinical Context • Broca’s Aphasia (speech production) • Expressive / motor aphasia • Non-fluent speech, difficulty with grammar and production of individual words • Comprehension intact • Lesion of inferior frontal gyrus supplied by superior division of left middle cerebral artery • Wernicke’s Aphasia (speech comprehension) • Receptive aphasia • Fluent speech and grammar, structure of words is intact • Difficulty with comprehension of speech • Produce nonsensical words and phrases • May use wrong word to describe something, create new words or speak gibberish • Lesion of superior temporal gyrus supplied by left middle cerebral arteryAphasia7. Identify and describe the function of the lentiform nucleus (putamen, globus pallidus) and caudate nucleus - collectively known as the basal ganglia • Lentiform nucleus: Lentiform • Putamen nucleus • Globus pallidus • Caudate nucleus • Function: motor controlClinical Context • Disease of the basal ganglia à disorders of movement • Parkinson’s disease • Huntington disease8. Describe the arterial supply of the brain and identify the relevant arteries 2 pairs of arteries responsible for arterial supply of the brain: • Vertebral arteries • Internal carotid artery8. Describe the arterial supply of the brain and identify the relevant arteriesClinical Context • Stroke • Abrupt loss of focal brain function lasting more than 24 hrs due to: • Thrombosis • Embolism • Hypoperfusion (↓ BP) • Haemorrhage Lobe Symptoms Frontal Personality & behavioural changes Parietal Attention deficits Temporal Recognition deficits Occipital Visual field deficits Global lesions Severe cognition deficitsClinical Context – haemorrhagic strokeClinical Context – ischaemic strokeClinical Context • Intracerebral Aneurysm • Dilation of the artery. • Occur in arteries of the Circle of Willis – berry aneurysm • Rupture à blood accumulates in subarachnoid space à ↑ intracranial pressure • Subarachnoid haemorrhage – “thunderclap headache”Clinical Context – intracerebral aneurysmSubarachnoid HaemorrhageSubdural HaematomaExtradural HaematomaHaemorrhage Summary Subarachnoid Haemorrhage Subdural Haemorrhage Extradural Haemorrhage Location Between arachnoid & pia Between dura & arachnoid Between skull and dura mater mater mater Vessel involved Rupture of berry aneurysm Bridging veins Middle meningeal artery Risk factors Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Old age, alcoholism, Trauma polycystic kidney disease anticoagulant drugs Features “thunderclap headache” Slow onset, fluctuating leveLucid interval, followed by of consciousness deathThank you!