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WEEK 1 NEURO- ANATOMY MeghanMinnis:2437599m@student.gla.ac.uk 1 Brainsurfaceanatomy 2 Ventricularsystem 3 CircleofWillis Intended Learning 4 Cross-sectionalanatomy Outcomes: 5 Spinalcord 6 Spinalcordinjuries +MCQsMENINGESMENINGES Duramater: periosteallayer andmeningeal layer Arachnoidmater PiamaterCEREBRUMCEREBRUM SULCI + GYRI Sulcus: from latin for 'furrow'. Gyrus: from latin for circle.FRONTAL LOBEFRONTAL LOBE (Superiorfrontalgyrus,middlefrontal PrefrontalCortex gyrusandinferiorfrontalgyrus)eypathologies: ADHD Managementofhighercognitivefunctions Stroke suchasplanning,organizing,motivation, Frontotemporaldementia discipline,problem-solving,self-controland Resultsinpersonalitychange,problemswith emotionalregulation. memoryandexecutivefunctioning. MotorCortex Precentralgyrus Keypathologies: Causesuppermotorneurone Controlofvoluntarymovement,spatialorientation Stroke signsonthecontralateral Trauma sideofthebody. Keypathologies: Broca'sArea (Dominanthemisphere) Broca'saphasia:non-fluentaphasia, Speechproduction expressiveasabletounderstand languagebutdifficultyproducingitPARIETAL LOBEPARIETAL LOBE Post-centralgyrus Keypathologies: Somatosensorycortex Stroke Receivesinformationfromtheascendingspinal tracts(spinothalamic,DCML)-somatotopic. Impairedsensationoncontralateralsideofbody. Keypathologies: ParietalAssociationCortex Stroke Dominantside:languageandcalculation Non-dominantside:visuospatialfunctions. Dominantside:hemispatialneglect Non-dominantside:apraxia,agnosia Dorsalopticradiation Keypathologies: Carriesinformationfromtheinferiorpartofthe Stroke Contralaterallowerquadrantanopia. visualfield.TEMPORAL LOBE MedialTemporalLobe Hippocampusandamygdala Emotionandmemory. AuditoryAreas Primary/secondaryauditorycortices: auditoryprocessing. Auditoryassociationarea:interpretation ofsoundsandfortheassociationofthe auditoryinputwithothersensory information. Wernicke'sArea Dominanthemisphere Comprehensionofwrittenandspoken language.OCCIPITAL LOBE Primaryvisualcortex VisualassociationcortexOCCIPITAL LOBE Primaryvisualcortex= Locatedinthecalcarine striatecortex fissureVENTRICULAR SYSTEMVENTRICULAR SYSTEMVENTRICULAR SYSTEMVENTRICULAR SYSTEM CSFis: Producedbychoroidplexusinventricles AbsorbedbyarachnoidgranulationsVENTRICULAR SYSTEM CSFfunctions: Protection–actsasacushionforthebrain,limiting neuraldamageincranialinjuries. Buoyancy–bybeingimmersedinCSF,thenetweightof thebrainisreducedtoapproximately25grams.This preventsexcessivepressureonthebaseofthebrain. Chemicalstability–theCSFcreatesanenvironmentto allowforproperfunctioningofthebrain,e.g.maintaining lowextracellularK+forsynaptictransmissionCEREBELLUMCEREBELLUMDIENCEPHALONDIENCEPHALON Thalamus: Relay centre for sensory and motor information. Hypothalamus: Release of hormones from anterior pituitary Production of hormones stored in posterior pituitary Regulation of body temperatureBRAINSTEMBRAINSTEMBRAINSTEM Midbrain Cranialnerves: Substantianigra:movement Fibresfromsensoryand IV:Trochlear Inferiorcolliculi:auditory motortracts III:Oculomotor(midbrain-pontinejunction) processing Periaqueductalgreymatter: Rednucleus:motorcoordination painmodulation Pons Cranialnerves: Locuscoerulus:producesNorA V:Trigeminal Fibresfromsensoryandmotortracts Ponto-medullaryjunction: VII:Facial Cranialnervenuclei VI:Abducens VIII:Vestibulocochlear MedullaOblongata Cranialnerves: Pyramids:corticospinaltract decussates IX:Glossopharyngeal XI:Accessory Nucleiofsolitarytract:baroreceptorandchemoreceptorinput X:Vagus forbloodpressure,respiratoryreflexes,peristalsis XII:HypoglossalCN EXITING BRAINSTEM Trochlearnerve: OnlyCNthatleavesthebrainstem posteriorly LongestintracranialcourseCIRCLE OF WILLISCIRCLE OF WILLISCIRCLE OF WILLISCROSS SECTIONSLATERAL SURFACELATERAL SURFACEMEDIAL SURFACEMEDIAL SURFACECIRCLE OF WILLISCIRCLE OF WILLISCORONAL PLANECORONAL PLANESPINAL CORDSPINAL CORD ANATOMY AriseabovevertebrauntilC7,fromC8 arisebelow Cervicalenlargement:brachialplexus Lumbarenlargement:lumbarandand sacralplexi SpinalcordendsatL1-2-->cauda equina Nerveroots: Dorsalroot:afferentfibres Ventralroot:efferentfibresSPINAL CORD ANATOMY Epiduralspacefilledwithfat-->no epiduralspaceinbrainSPINAL CORD ANATOMY Bloodsupply: Anteriorspinalartery–formedfrom branchesofthevertebralarteries.They travelintheanteriormedianfissure. Posteriorspinalarteries–originatefrom thevertebralarteryorthe posteroinferiorcerebellarartery.They anastamosewithoneanotherinthepia mater. Anterior/posteriorsegmentalmedullary arteriesentervianerverootsSPINAL CORD ANATOMY ArteryofAdamkiewicz: Supplieslower1/3ofspinalcord Usuallyarrisesfromleftposteriorintercostal artery Anteriorspinalarterysyndromeegdueto abdominalaorticaneurysmsurgery: -Urinary/faecalincontinence -Impairedmotorfunctionoflegs/spasticitySPINAL CORD ANATOMY Cervicalandlumbar segmentshaveextended ventralhorns-->muscle motorneuronesSPINAL CORD ANATOMYSPINAL CORD ANATOMYSPINAL CORD ANATOMYDERMATOMES AND MYOTOMES DermatoMyotomes: SPINAL CORD INJURIES UpperMotorNeuroneSigns LowerMotorNeuroneSigns Damagetobrain/spinalcord. Damagetonerveroot,peripheralnerve,muscle, Increasedtone:spasticityorrigidity NMJ. Pyramidalweakness Upperlimbs:extensorsweakerthan Musclewasting flexors Fasciculations Normalordecreasedtone Lowerlimbs:flexorsweakerthan extensors Hyporeflexiaorareflexia Hyperreflexia(exaggerated/briskreflexes) Facialnerve: UMN:weaknessofinferiorfacialmuscles,withsparingofforehead.Impactofbilateralneuronefromcingulatecortexpresent. LMN:weaknessofsuperiorandinferiorfacialmuscles.CAUDA EQUINA ANATOMY NerverootsL1-S5makeupthecaudaequina. Formedbylowermotorneurones: Motorandsensoryimpulsestothelower limbs Motorinnervationtotheanalsphincters Parasympatheticinnervationforthe bladderMCQ'S:A35-year-oldmotorcyclistisbroughtintohospitalviaairambulancefollowinga collision. Onceheisstabilised,itisnotedthathehasalossofpainperceptionandtemperature sensationontheleftbelowthelevelofC6.Inaddition,heisparalysedontheentireright side,andlossofproprioceptionandvibrationsensearealsonotedontheright. Damagetowhichtracthascausedthelossofpainperceptionandtemperature sensation? A:Corticospinaltract B:Posteriorspinocerebellartract Whatterritoriesinthebrainaresuppliedexclusivelybythemiddlecerebralartery? C:Spinothalamictract D:Cuneocerebellartract E:Thedorsal-column–medial-lemniscalpathway(DCML)A35-year-oldmotorcyclistisbroughtintohospitalviaairambulancefollowinga collision. Onceheisstabilised,itisnotedthathehasalossofpainperceptionandtemperature sensationontheleftbelowthelevelofC6.Inaddition,heisparalysedontheentireright side,andlossofproprioceptionandvibrationsensearealsonotedontheright. Damagetowhichtracthascausedthelossofpainperceptionandtemperature sensation? A:Corticospinaltract B:Posteriorspinocerebellartract Whatterritoriesinthebrainaresuppliedexclusivelybythemiddlecerebralartery? C:Spinothalamictract D:Cuneocerebellartract E:Thedorsal-column–medial-lemniscalpathway(DCML)Theprimaryauditorycortexislocatedinwhichpartofthe brain? A:Cerebellum B:Temporallobe C:Occipitallobe D:Frontallobe E:ParietallobeTheprimaryauditorycortexislocatedinwhichpartofthe brain? A:Cerebellum B:Temporallobe C:Occipitallobe D:Frontallobe E:ParietallobeWhichofthefollowingtractstransmitsthesensationoffinetouch fromthelowerlimbs? A:Cuneatefasciculus B:Anteriorcorticospinaltract C:Lateralspinothalamictract D:Gracilefasciculus E:AnteriorspinothalamictractWhichofthefollowingtractstransmitsthesensationoffinetouchfrom thelowerlimbs? A:Cuneatefasciculus B:Anteriorcorticospinaltract C:Lateralspinothalamictract D:Gracilefasciculus E:AnteriorspinothalamictractTheventral(anterior)surfaceoftheponsisdivideddownthemiddle byagroove. Whatstructureisfoundinthisgroove? A:Thebasilarartery B:Pontineartery C:Abducensnerve D:Vestibulocochlearnerve E:SuperiorcerebellararteryTheventral(anterior)surfaceoftheponsisdivideddownthemiddle byagroove. Whatstructureisfoundinthisgroove? A:Thebasilarartery B:Pontineartery C:Abducensnerve D:Vestibulocochlearnerve E:SuperiorcerebellararteryThediagrambelowshowsacoronalslicethroughthebrain.Whichof thefollowingoptionscorrectlylabelsstructureX? A:Globuspallidus B:Putamen C:Caudatenucleus D:Subthalamicnucleus E:SubstantianigraThediagrambelowshowsacoronalslicethroughthebrain.Whichof thefollowingoptionscorrectlylabelsstructureX? A:Globuspallidus B:Putamen C:Caudatenucleus D:Subthalamicnucleus E:SubstantianigraRESOURCES + teach me anatomy, https://www.neuroanatomy.ca/