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Revision Yr 1 Sem 1 26/11/2024 Tutor: Naomi ErlebachLearning outcomes ▶ MCQ practice and revision of: ▶ Cells and Tissues ▶ Intro to Breathing, Circulation and Blood ▶ Nervous System ▶ Locomotor ▶ Pharmacology ▶ (Clinical Anatomy)Knowledge Test BreakdownCells and Tissues1 What sort of epithelial tissue is found in kidney tubules? A. Simple squamous B. Simple cuboidal C. Stratified columnar D. Stratified cuboidal E. Stratified squamous Distal Straight Tubule (Thick Ascending Limb of Henle's Loop) 1 What sort of epithelial tissue is found in kidney tubules? A. Simple squamous B. Simple cuboidal C. Stratified columnar D. Stratified cuboidal E. Stratified squamousEpithelia are classified based on three criteria: • Number of cell layers: simple or compound • Shape of surface cells: squamous, cuboidal or columnar • Specialisations: cilia, keratin or goblet cells2 Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones? A. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum B. Golgi apparatus C. Rough endoplasmic reticulum D. Lysosome E. Nucleolus2 Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones? A. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum B. Golgi apparatus C. Rough endoplasmic reticulum D. Lysosome E. Nucleolus3 What type of cellular signalling is this: long-range signals travel in the bloodstream to different types of distant cells? A. Autocrine B. Intracrine C. Paracrine D. Endocrine E. Juxtacrine3 What type of cellular signalling is this: long-range signals travel in the bloodstream to different types of distant cells? A. Autocrine B. Intracrine C. Paracrine D. Endocrine E. JuxtacrineSignalsaretransmittedbydirectcontact betweenthesignallingcell andthetargetcellBreathing, Circulation and Blood4 Where do the excitatory signals of the heart originate? A. AV node B. Bundle of His C. SA node D. Purkinje fibres E. Internodal pathways4 Where do the excitatory signals of the heart originate? A. AV node B. Bundle of His C. SA node D. Purkinje fibres E. Internodal pathways Remember: sinus rhythm from sinoatrial node5 Name the substance responsible for maintaining surface tension and preventing alveolar collapse in the lungs? A. Mucus B. Pleura C. Pneumona D. Surfactant E. Synovium5 Name the substance responsible for maintaining surface tension and preventing alveolar collapse in the lungs? A. Mucus B. Pleura C. Pneumona D. Surfactant - produced by Type II pneumocytes; attractive forces between water molecules in surfactant maintain surface tension E. Synovium6 A 30 year old woman has a pulse of 64 beats per minute. What additional information is required to calculate the cardiac output? A. Stroke volume B. Respiratory rate C. SpO2 D. Ventricular pressure E. Aortic pressure6 A 30 year old woman has a pulse of 64 beats per minute. What additional information is required to calculate the cardiac output? A. Stroke volume B. Respiratory rate C. SpO2 D. Ventricular pressure E. Aortic pressure7 This graph shows a spirometry trace. What is the name of the region marked by the red box below? A. Inspiratory reserve volume B. Inspiratory capacity C. Vital capacity D. Total lung capacity E. Expiratory reserve volume7 This graph shows a spirometry trace. What is the name of the region marked by the red box below? A. Inspiratory reserve volume B. Inspiratory capacity C. Vital capacity D. Total lung capacity E. Expiratory reserve volume7 • Inspiratory reserve volume = amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after normal tidal volume; used in deep breathing • Inspiratory capacity = maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following a resting state • Vital capacity = Total amount of exhaled air after maximum inhalation • Total lung capacity = Max volume of air the lungs can accommodate • Expiratory reserve volume = Volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal tidal volumeNervous System8 What of these statements are true? A. The resting potential of neurons is -70mV; the Na+/K+ ATPase moves 2 Na+ out and 3 K+ into the cell to maintain this B. The resting potential of neurons is +50mV; the Na+/K+ ATPase moves 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ into the cell to maintain this C. The resting potential of neurons is -50mV; the Na+/K+ ATPase moves 2 Na+ out and 3 K+ into the cell to maintain this D. The resting potential of neurons is -70mV; the Na+/K+ ATPase moves 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ into the cell to maintain this E. The resting potential of neurons is +70mV; the Na+/K+ ATPase moves 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ into the cell to maintain this8 What of these statements are true? A. The resting potential of neurons is -70mV; the Na+/K+ ATPase moves 2 Na+ out and 3 K+ into the cell to maintain this B. The resting potential of neurons is +50mV; the Na+/K+ ATPase moves 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ into the cell to maintain this C. The resting potential of neurons is -50mV; the Na+/K+ ATPase moves 2 Na+ out and 3 K+ into the cell to maintain this D. The resting potential of neurons is -70mV; the Na+/K+ ATPase moves 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ into the cell to maintain this E. The resting potential of neurons is +70mV; the Na+/K+ ATPase moves 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ into the cell to maintain this-709 Which of the following responses does NOT describe the function of an astrocyte? A. Form myelin sheaths, enabling saltatory conduction B. Regulates the chemical content of the extracellular space C. Act as a fuel reserve for neurons D. Form part of the blood-brain barrier9 Which of the following responses does NOT describe the function of an astrocyte? A. Form myelin sheaths, enabling saltatory conduction B. Regulates the chemical content of the extracellular space C. Act as a fuel reserve for neurons D. Form part of the blood-brain barrier Correct sentence: the myelin sheath is formed by oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNSLocomotor10 Which of the following is not a sign of osteoarthritis on an X-ray? A. Loss of joint space B. Subchondral cytosis C. Osteophyte formation D. Subchondral sclerosis E. Subchondral cysts10 Which of the following is not a sign of osteoarthritis on an X-ray? A. Loss of joint space B. Subchondral cytosis C. Osteophyte formation D. Subchondral sclerosis E. Subchondral cysts Learn the acronymLOSS Lossof joint space Osteophyteformation Subchondral sclerosis Subchondral cysts11 What type of collagen makes up cartilage? A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V 11 Which type of collagen is a major component of cartilage? A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V Proteoglycans and type II collagen are the main components of cartilage. They are produced by chondrocytes.12 Which of these statements about PTH is true? A. PTH decreases renal hydroxylation of vit D to reduce calcitriol B. PTH inhibits osteoblast activity in bones C. PTH inhibits osteoclast activity in bones D. PTH inhibits bone breakdown and causes calcium retention E. In the kidneys, PTH increases calcium reabsorption and blocks phosphate reabsorption from the tubules In bonesPTH inhibits osteoblastactivity, stimulatesosteoclastactivity leading to bone breakdownand calcium release 12 In the kidneys,PTH increasescalcium reabsorptionand blocks phosphatereabsorptionfrom the tubules PTH alsoacts at the kidneysto stimulatethe formationof vitaminD Which of these statements about PTH is true? A. PTH decreases renal hydroxylation of vit D to reduce calcitriol B. PTH inhibits osteoblast activity in bones C. PTH inhibits osteoclast activity in bones D. PTH inhibits bone breakdown and causes calcium retention E. In the kidneys, PTH increases calcium reabsorption and blocks phosphate reabsorption from the tubules13 Which disease would be caused by increased and uncontrolled bone turnover? A. Osteogenesis imperfecta B. Rheumatoid arthritis C. Osteomalacia D. Paget’s disease E. Perthes disease13 Which disease would be caused by increased and uncontrolled bone turnover? A. Osteogenesis imperfecta - lack of type I collagen. PTH inhibits osteoblast activity in bones B. Rheumatoid arthritis - autoimmune condition of chronic systemic inflammation C. Osteomalacia - nutritional deficiency, usually vitamin D (rickets) D. Paget’s disease - excessive osteoclast activity leads to subsequent increased osteoblast activity, results in thickened, sclerotic bones E. Perthes disease - blood supply in a child’s hip is temporarily disrupted causing avascular necrosis (bone infarction); the hip begins to weaken and eventually collapses14 Which of the following is most true of the first carpo-metacarpal joint? A. It is a hinge joint B. It is a modified hinge joint C. It is a saddle joint D. It is a ball and socket joint E. It is a condyloid joint14 Which of the following is most true of the first carpo-metacarpal joint? A. It is a hinge joint B. It is a modified hinge joint C. It is a saddle joint D. It is a ball and socket joint E. It is a condyloid joint The first carpo-metacarpal joint is a synovial, saddle-shaped joint that serves as the articulation between the trapezium and the base of the first metacarpal.15 Identify the abnormality on this X-Ray A. Femur fracture B. Fibula fracture C. Humerus fracture D. Tibia fracture E. Calcaneus fracture15 Identify the abnormality on this X-Ray A. Femur fracture B. Fibula fracture C. Humerus fracture D. Tibia fracture E. Calcaneus fracture Oblique distal-diaphyseal tibial fracture.Pharmacology16 If the plasma concentration immediately after an IV bolus injection of 100 mg of drug is 8 ug/mL, what is the volume of distribution? A. 12.5 mL B. 800 mL C. 80 L D. 12.5 L E. 125 L16 If the plasma concentration immediately after an IV bolus injection of 100 mg of drug is 8 ug/mL, what is the volume of distribution? A. 12.5 mL B. 800 mL C. 80 L D. 12.5 L E. 125 L Volume of distribution (L) = amount of drug (mg) / plasma concentration(mg/L). Note: • 1μg=0.001mg • 1mL=0.001L • So 8 ug/mL = 8mg/L17 Which statement about the sympathetic nervous system is NOT true? A. Sympathetic neurons are located next to their targets B. Participates in 'fight or flight' response C. Preganglionic neurons release noradrenaline, postganglionic neurons release acetylcholine D. Part of the autonomic nervous system E. Inhibits digestion17 Which statement about the sympathetic nervous system is NOT true? A. Sympathetic neurons are located next to their targets B. Participates in 'fight or flight' response C. Preganglionic neurons release noradrenaline, postganglionic neurons release acetylcholine D. Part of the autonomic nervous system E. Inhibits digestion Correct statement: Preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine, postganglionic neurons release noradrenaline18 A 24-year-old woman with severe asthma presents to the GP with ongoing period pain and depression. She has not tried any medications yet. Which of these drugs should you NOT prescribe? A. Paracetamol B. Sertraline C. Ibuprofen D. Beclometasone E. Fluoxetine18 A 24-year-old woman with severe asthma presents to the GP with ongoing period pain and depression. She has not tried any medications yet. Which of these drugs should you NOT prescribe? A. Paracetamol – simple analgesia, no contraindications B. Sertraline – SSRI indicated for depression C. Ibuprofen – NSAIDs can cause bronchospasm and asthma exacerbation D. Beclometasone – corticosteroid using in asthma management E. Fluoxetine - SSRI indicated for depression19 Name the cells responsible for pain sensation A. Proprioceptors B. Thermoreceptors C. Dorsal horn neurons D. Baroreceptors E. Nociceptors 19 Name the cells responsible for pain sensation A. Proprioceptors B. Thermoreceptors C. Dorsal horn neurons D. Baroreceptors E. Nociceptors 1. Pain sensation by nociceptors which are stimulated by mediators such as histamine, bradykinin ATP, and protons 2. Afferent neurons carry signal from peripheral tissues to the dorsal horn of the spinal column (this is part of the peripheral nervous system) 3. In the dorsal horn, neurons synapse with second order neurones which cross to the contralateral side of the spinal cord and ascends in the spinothalamic tract. Synapse with third order neurones in the thalamus. 4. Third order neurones run from the thalamus to the somatosensory cortex where pain is perceived. Signals also run from the thalamus to the prefrontal cortex (for motor response) and limbic system (for emotional experience).Clinical Anatomy 20 Which of these statements is correct? A. 1 is pronation, 2 is dorsiflexion, 3 is adduction B. 1 is pronation, 2 is plantar flexion, 3 is abduction C. 1 is supination, 2 is plantar flexion, 3 is adduction D. 1 is supination, 2 is dorsiflexion, 3 is adduction E. 1 is supination, 2 is dorsiflexion, 3 is abduction 20 Which of these statements is correct? A. 1 is pronation, 2 is dorsiflexion, 3 is adduction B. 1 is pronation, 2 is plantar flexion, 3 is abduction C. 1 is supination, 2 is plantar flexion, 3 is adduction D. 1 is supination, 2 is dorsiflexion, 3 is adduction E. 1 is supination, 2 is dorsiflexion, 3 is abduction Alien ABDuction AWAY from earth SOUPinator PLANTar FlexionQUESTIONS?Revision Resources ▶ AIM website – notes and more MCQs! ▶ Peerwise - MCQs ▶ Passmedicine – MCQs ▶ Geeky medics - revision notes ▶ https://histologyguide.com - histologyFeedback Please take a minute now before you leave to fill in a quick feedback form!Thank you for coming! ▶ If you have any more questions, feel free to email me at s2146480@ed.ac.uk or email accessibilityinmedicine@gmail.com ▶ Give our Facebook page a like for updates and opportunities, just search @AIMEdinburghSign up to the mailing list ▶ Sign up to the AIM mailing list to be the first to hear about tutorials, discounts, and opportunities! ▶ https://forms.gle/q JNyeoFzA9B5urND7Thank you to our sponsors