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Anatomy: Head, Neck and Spine Michaela Vladykova Y2 & Lucy Robinson Y2 What we’ll cover today: ▶ Bones of the skull ▶ Face and neck muscles ▶ Head and neck blood supply ▶ Pharynx and larynx ▶ Vertebral column ▶ Muscles of the back ▶ Spinal cordThe Skull - Neurocranium (8)Skull - Viscerocranium (14) part of the oral cavity forming part of the hard palateCranial fossa Anterior Fossa - frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid Middle Fossa - temporal and sphenoid Posterior Fossa - temporal and occipitalMuscles of Facial Expression Muscles of Facial Expression Orbital Group Orbicularis Oculi (closes eyes) Frontalis (wrinkles forehead) Nasal Group Nasalis transverse part (compresses nares) Oral Group Orbicularis Oris Zygomaticus Major (draws angle of mouth superiorly) Muscles of Facial Expression - Innervation Facial nerve (cranial nerve XII) - Temporal division - Zygomatic division - Buccal division - Marginal mandibular division - Cervical division -> arise from parotid glandMuscles of Mastication Temporalis (elevates and retracts mandible) Masseter (elevates mandible) Lateral Pterygoid (depresses mandible) Medial Pterygoid (protrudes mandible) Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V )3 Neck Muscles Sternocleidomastoid - From sternum and clavicle to mastoid process of temporal bone - Flexes and laterally rotates the neck - Accessory nerve Platysma - Depresses mandible and angle of mouth - Cervical branch of facial nerveArterial Supply to Head and Neck Venous drainage of Head and Neck Internal Jugular Vein (head and neck) Right Left brachiocephalic brachiocephalic vein vein External jugular vein drains into subclavian vein External Jugular Vein (external face) Internal jugular vein drains into brachiocephalic veinNasal Cavity Functions - warms, filters and humidifies air Midline septum Oral Cavity Boundaries: Roof: soft and hard palate Walls: Buccinators, teeth Floor: ongue Vertebral Column 33 Vertebrae: Primary curvature Cervical (7) Thoracic and sacral Thoracic (12) Concaves anteriorly Lumbar (5) Sacral (5, fused) Secondary curvature Coccygeal (3/4, fused) Cervical and lumbar Concaves posteriorly Vertebral column - curvature Scoliosis - Lateral curvature Kyphosis - Increased curvature of the thoracic spine - appears to be hunching over -> looking at the Knees Lordosis - Increased curvature of the lumbar/cervical spine -> looking up to the sky praying to the LordVertebra - Cervical Pedicle Superior Articular Facet Small round body Large vertebral foramen Body Lamina Flat superior articular facets facing superiorly Spinous Process Short bifid spinous process Triangular vertebral foramen Transverse foramen (for vertebral Transverse artery and vein) Foramen Vertebral foramen Transverse ProcessVertebra - Cervical - Atlas and Axis Anterior arch Facet for dens C1 - Atlas No vertebral body Posterior Ring shaped arch Facet for dens “Yes joint” -> flexion/extension Dens C2 - Axis Dens “No joint” -> rotationVertebra - Thoracic Pedicle Superior Articular Facet Body Heart shaped body Flat superior articular facets facing posteriorly Lamina Facets on transverse process and body for rib articulation Spinous Process Long spinous process Small vertebral foramen Articular facet on body Articular facet on transverse processVertebra - Lumbar Body Pedicle Large, kidney shape body Superior Articular Curved superior articular Facet Short, broad spinous Lamina Triangular vertebral foramen Spinous Process Vertebral Foramen Transverse Process Muscles of The Back - Superficial (4) Action: - Movement of upper limbs 1) T rapezius Origin: - Occipital bone - Cervical vertebrae - Thoracic vertebrae Insertion: - scapula Actions: - Superior rotation of scapula - Elevates scapula (superior fibres) - Retracts scapula (middle fibres) - Depresses scapula (inferior fibres) 2) Latissimus Dorsi Origin: - Lower thoracic vertebrae - Thoracolumbar fascia - Iliac crest Insertion: - Inferior ribs - Humerus Actions: - Extension of shoulder - Adduction of shoulder - Medial rotation of shoulder 3) Rhomboids Origin: - Spinous processes Insertion: - Medial border of scapula Actions: - Retracts scapula - Inferior rotation of scapula 4) Levator Scapulae Origin: - C1-C4 Insertion: - Medial superior scapula Actions: - Elevation of scapula - Inferior rotation of scapulaMuscles of The Back - Intermediate (2) Origin: - Nuchal ligament - Spinous processes Insertion: - Ribs Actions: - Elevates ribs - Depresses ribs during forced exhalation →respiration Muscles of The Back - Deep (3 groups) Erector Spinae Transversospinals Action: Action: - Extends - Bilaterally vertebral extends vertebral column column - Unilaterally - Iliocostalis rotates in - Longissimus opposite direction - Spinalis - Semispinalis - Multifidus - RotatoresSpinal Cord Terminates at L1/L2 (LP done at L2-L5) Part of CNS Exits foramen magnum then travels through the vertebral foramen Meninges: dura, arachnoid and pia Cauda equina (‘horses tail’) - bundle of nerves at distal end Filum terminale - anchors conus medullaris to coccyxSpinal cord - cross sectionMCQsQ1: What muscle retracts and elevates the mandible? A. Masseter B. Zygomaticus major C. Temporalis D. SternocleidomastoidQ1: What muscle retracts and elevates the mandible? A. Masseter B. Zygomaticus major C. Temporalis D. SternocleidomastoidQ2: Identify this vertebra A. Cervical typical B. Thoracic C. Lumbar D. Atlas Q2: Identify this vertebra A. Cervical typical Costal facet B. Thoracic C. Lumbar Demifacet Heart shaped body D. Atlas Long spinous process which looks like a bird beakQ3: Which group is this muscle part of and what is its function? (short answer)Q3: Which group is this muscle part of and what is its function? (short answer) Intermediate group Aids with respiration -> Serratus posterior inferiorQ4: What is this condition called? (short answer) Source: https://radiopaedia.org/cases/thoracic-spine-kyphosis?lang=gb Kyphosis (thoracic) Q4: What is this condition called? (short answer) Normal spine: Source: https://radiopaedia.org/cases/thoracic-spine-kyphosis?lang=gb Source https://radiopaedia.org/cases/normal-mri-spine?lang=gbQ5: What are the functions of this structure? (short answer) Source: https://anatomy.app/article/skull-topography/nasal-cavity Q5: What are the functions of this structure? (short answer) (Middle nasal concha) Nasal conchae increase the SA of the nasal cavity and create turbulent flow of air -> air gets rapidly humidified and warm Source: https://anatomy.app/article/skull-topography/nasal-cavity Learning resources - Acland's anatomy (uni access) https://aclandanatomy.com/ - Complete anatomy (uni access) - TeachMeAnatomy - https://teachmeanatomy.info/the-basics/ - Anatomy Bootcamp (only a free trial) - large question bank with cadaveric images, lecture videos - https://bootcamp.com/anatomy?gclid=Cj0KCQjwhL6pBhDj ARIsAGx8D5-8D1ehXvJjm4FktZU0VrbYCjNrdXPASf3PZMYyAk s8Vj0rXuHHGBMaAlvIEALw_wcB - Sam Webster (youtube) - https://www.youtube.com/@SamWebster - Quizlet, Ankis - Anatomy museum (once it opens), you can book extra slots in the lab before exams for revision with prosections Feedback Please take a minute now before you leave to fill in a quick feedback form: https://app.medall.org/feedb ack/feedback-flow?keyword=4 257f2029589d1035ec2f3de&or ganisation=accessibility-in-me dicine AIM Facebook Page ▶ Give our Facebook page a like for updates and opportunities, just search @AIMEdinburgh Thank you for coming! ▶ If you have any more questions, feel free to email me at s1802682@ed.ac.uk, or email accessibilityinmedicine@gmail.com ▶ Remember to follow EUGS on facebook (Edinburgh University Gastroenterology Society) and instagram (@ediunigastrosoc)