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Comprehensive Overview of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV): Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Maria Muça (Year 3, European University of Cyprus) Abstract: Aim: Respiratory Syncytial virus is a negative single-stranded RNA To provide a comprehensive overview of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), enveloped virus that causes lower respiratory disease and is the leading including its virology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, cause of children less than one year old to be hospitalized. RSV was treatment options, and recent advances in vaccine development, with the goal of first discovered in Chimpanzees and then two years later in humans. It raising awareness and promoting evidence-based approaches to prevention and is divided into two subgroups, RSV A and RSV B. The virion of the management virus is composed of the G protein, F protein, SH protein, and M protein. RSV is transmitted through respiratory droplets that enter via Methods: the eye or the nose. To rapidly diagnose RSV, the most common rapid tests used are the lateral flow immunoassays and the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. To date, the production of a •Data collected from literature review of RSV virology, transmission, testing, and treatment. vaccination against this virus is still in progress since the previous one•Diagnostic tools: Lateral flow immunoassay and RT-PCR. produced had many safety concerns. Ribavirin to this day is the only •Analysis of vaccine development history and antiviral treatments. antiviral treatment that is approved by the FDA, however, careful Method Sensitivity Specificity Turnaround Sample type Use case evaluation and discussion among healthcare professionals should be time taken into consideration to decide whether it is a good idea to administer this medication. RT- High High 4–24 hours Nasopha- Gold PCR (≥95%) (≥95%) ryngeal swab standard for clinical Introduction : diagnosis Rapid Moderate High (90– 15–30 Nasal/nasopha Point-of- •Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is an enveloped, negative- Antige (50–80%) 95%) minutes ryngeal care; sense, single-stranded RNAvirus of the Paramyxoviridae family. n Test faster, •Its structure includes key proteins: G (attachment), F (fusion), and less accurate SH (small hydrophobic), all critical to infectivity and immune response. Table 1: Comparison of Diagnostic Tests for RSV Detection •RSV causes seasonal outbreaks and is a major contributor to pediatric hospitalizations due to bronchiolitis and pneumonia. •Transmission occurs via respiratory droplets, direct contact, or Results : contaminated surfaces. •Reinfections are common due to incomplete and short-lived immunity. •RSV has 2 subtypes: A(23 genotypes), B (6 genotypes). •Adults with chronic conditions and the elderly are also susceptible •Virion proteins: G (attachment), F (fusion), SH (ion channel). •Diagnosis: Rapid tests detect F protein; RT-PCR targets viral RNA. to severe disease. •Despite being discovered in the 1950s, only recently have effective •Treatments: Ribavirin (IV, oral, aerosol) with noted side effects. vaccines and monoclonal antibodies been approved. •Vaccine history: FI-RSV failed in 1966; Arexvy approved in 2023 •Understanding RSV’s structure and pathogenesis is vital for developing targeted interventions Conclusion : ▪ The failure of early vaccines highlights the complexity of RSV immunology. ▪ Ribavirin use is debated due to side effects and cost. ▪ New vaccines focus on safer antigen targets and are age-specific Conclusion:. ➢ RSV remains a major cause of hospitalization in infants. ➢ Rapid testing is vital for timely diagnosis. ➢ Auniversal vaccine is still in development. ➢ Continued research and innovation are essential References : Referencelist